论文标题

朦胧的有恒星斑点的机会:限制年轻星球的气氛,K2-33B

Hazy with a chance of star spots: constraining the atmosphere of the young planet, K2-33b

论文作者

Thao, Pa Chia, Mann, Andrew W., Gao, Peter, Owens, Dylan A., Vanderburg, Andrew, Newton, Elisabeth R., Tang, Yao, Fields, Matthew J., David, Trevor J., Irwin, Jonathan M., Husser, Tim-Oliver, Charbonneau, David, Ballard, Sarah

论文摘要

尽管所有天空的调查导致发现了数十个年轻的行星,但对他们的气氛知之甚少。在这里,我们介绍了超海王星大小系外行星的多波长传输数据K2-33B-最年轻的(〜10 Myr)透过系外行星待机。我们结合了K2-33的光度观测值,涵盖了33个跨越> 2年的转运,从K2,Mearth,Hubble和Spitzer取。从光学到近红外(0.6-4.5 $ $ m)跨越的过境光度法,使我们能够构建行星的传输光谱。我们发现,光传输深度几乎比近红外的倍数更深。这种差异在多年以来的多个数据集中存在,排除了数据分析问题和无约束的系统学问题。年轻恒星上的表面不均匀性可以再现一些差异,但所需的斑点覆盖率(> 60%)被观察到的恒星谱(<20%)排除。我们发现使用光化学危险中的传输光谱更适合传输光谱,这些光化学危险在年轻,中等温度和大型拉迪乌斯行星(如K2-33B)中被预计会很强。带有CO作为主要气态碳载体的Tholin雾霾在大气中可以合理地以较小或没有恒星表面不均匀性重现数据,这与恒星光谱一致。 HST数据质量不足以检测任何分子特征。需要更多的观察结果才能充分表征HAZE和斑点特性,并确认当前数据提出的CO的存在。

Although all-sky surveys have led to the discovery of dozens of young planets, little is known about their atmospheres. Here, we present multi-wavelength transit data for the super Neptune-sized exoplanet, K2-33b -- the youngest (~10 Myr) transiting exoplanet to-date. We combined photometric observations of K2-33 covering a total of 33 transits spanning >2 years, taken from K2, MEarth, Hubble, and Spitzer. The transit photometry spanned from the optical to the near-infrared (0.6-4.5$μ$m), enabling us to construct a transmission spectrum of the planet. We find that the optical transit depths are nearly a factor of two deeper than those from the near-infrared. This difference holds across multiple datasets taken over years, ruling out issues of data analysis and unconstrained systematics. Surface inhomogeneities on the young star can reproduce some of the difference, but required spot coverage fractions (>60%) are ruled out by the observed stellar spectrum(<20%). We find a better fit to the transmission spectrum using photochemical hazes, which were predicted to be strong in young, moderate-temperature, and large-radius planets like K2-33b. A tholin haze with CO as the dominant gaseous carbon carrier in the atmosphere can reasonably reproduce the data with small or no stellar surface inhomogeneities, consistent with the stellar spectrum. The HST data quality is insufficient for the detection of any molecular features. More observations would be required to fully characterize the hazes and spot properties and confirm the presence of CO suggested by current data.

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