论文标题
具有额定性复杂性证明证明证明
Proofs of Proof-of-Stake with Sublinear Complexity
论文作者
论文摘要
流行的以太坊钱包(如MetAmask)委托集中基础架构提供商(例如Infura)代表他们运行共识客户逻辑。结果,这些钱包轻巧且表现高,但面带有安全风险。恶意提供者可以通过假装付款和余额或审查交易来误导钱包。另一方面,当今不流行的光线客户允许权力下放,但效率低下,通常具有渐近线性的自举复杂性。这在权力下放和表现之间构成了困境。 我们设计,实施和评估了一个新的利用(POS)Superlight客户端,具有有效的和渐近的对数自举复杂性。我们的证明证明(POPOS)采用POS时代的默克尔树的形式。验证者将掠夺者招募参加一项二等赛游戏,在该游戏中,诚实的掠夺者注定要赢得一旦对抗性的默克尔树在足够深入的挑战中挑战。我们为主网以太坊提供了实施:与以太坊的最先进的点客户构建相比,我们的客户改善了9倍的时间完成时间,沟通180x和30倍的能量使用情况(当在执行10年后引导时引导时进行引导)。作为重要的额外应用,我们的构造可用于实现无信任的跨链桥梁,在该桥梁中,Superlight客户端在智能合同中运行并扮演链验证器的角色。我们证明我们的构建是安全的,并展示了如何将其用于其他POS系统,例如Cardano(具有完全自适应的对手),Algorand和Snow White。
Popular Ethereum wallets (like MetaMask) entrust centralized infrastructure providers (e.g., Infura) to run the consensus client logic on their behalf. As a result, these wallets are light-weight and high-performant, but come with security risks. A malicious provider can mislead the wallet by faking payments and balances, or censoring transactions. On the other hand, light clients, which are not in popular use today, allow decentralization, but are concretely inefficient, often with asymptotically linear bootstrapping complexity. This poses a dilemma between decentralization and performance. We design, implement, and evaluate a new proof-of-stake (PoS) superlight client with concretely efficient and asymptotically logarithmic bootstrapping complexity. Our proofs of proof-of-stake (PoPoS) take the form of a Merkle tree of PoS epochs. The verifier enrolls the provers in a bisection game, in which honest provers are destined to win once an adversarial Merkle tree is challenged at sufficient depth. We provide an implementation for mainnet Ethereum: compared to the state-of-the-art light client construction of Ethereum, our client improves time-to-completion by 9x, communication by 180x, and energy usage by 30x (when bootstrapping after 10 years of consensus execution). As an important additional application, our construction can be used to realize trustless cross-chain bridges, in which the superlight client runs within a smart contract and takes the role of an on-chain verifier. We prove our construction is secure and show how to employ it for other PoS systems such as Cardano (with fully adaptive adversary), Algorand, and Snow White.