论文标题

不可能的定理涉及扩展一致性和投票中的决议

Impossibility theorems involving weakenings of expansion consistency and resoluteness in voting

论文作者

Holliday, Wesley H., Norman, Chase, Pacuit, Eric, Zahedian, Saam

论文摘要

个体理性选择的基本原则是Sen的$γ$ Axiom,也称为扩展一致性,指出必须从菜单联合中选择从两个菜单中选择的任何替代性。扩展一致性也可以在社会选择的设置中提出。在投票理论中,它指出,必须从候选人的组合领域中选择从两个候选人领域中选择的任何候选人。公理的一个重要特殊案例是二进制扩展一致性,它指出,从最初的候选人领域中选择的任何候选者并在将新候选人添加到该领域时,还必须选择与新候选人的头对头比赛中选择的任何候选人,从而排除了破坏性效果。在本文中,我们研究了这种扩张一致性的削弱与否决性弱化之间的张力,这是一个公理,要求在任何选举中选择单个候选人。众所周知,坚决性与社会选择的基本公平条件不一致,即匿名和中立性。在这里,我们证明,即使是匿名和中立是一致的决议性削弱,也与二进制扩展一致性不一致。使用SAT解决的证据,并以SAT编码的正确性在精益定理宣传中正式验证,以及一种概括了针对特殊类型的投票方法获得的不可能定理的策略(即多数式多数派和成对投票方法),以实现不可能的定理定理进行任意投票方法。这种证明策略可能具有独立的兴趣,因为它可能适用于社会选择中其他不可能的定理。

A fundamental principle of individual rational choice is Sen's $γ$ axiom, also known as expansion consistency, stating that any alternative chosen from each of two menus must be chosen from the union of the menus. Expansion consistency can also be formulated in the setting of social choice. In voting theory, it states that any candidate chosen from two fields of candidates must be chosen from the combined field of candidates. An important special case of the axiom is binary expansion consistency, which states that any candidate chosen from an initial field of candidates and chosen in a head-to-head match with a new candidate must also be chosen when the new candidate is added to the field, thereby ruling out spoiler effects. In this paper, we study the tension between this weakening of expansion consistency and weakenings of resoluteness, an axiom demanding the choice of a single candidate in any election. As is well known, resoluteness is inconsistent with basic fairness conditions on social choice, namely anonymity and neutrality. Here we prove that even significant weakenings of resoluteness, which are consistent with anonymity and neutrality, are inconsistent with binary expansion consistency. The proofs make use of SAT solving, with the correctness of a SAT encoding formally verified in the Lean Theorem Prover, as well as a strategy for generalizing impossibility theorems obtained for special types of voting methods (namely majoritarian and pairwise voting methods) to impossibility theorems for arbitrary voting methods. This proof strategy may be of independent interest for its potential applicability to other impossibility theorems in social choice.

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