论文标题
(子)毫米尘埃粉尘磁盘从散射的大毫米大小的不规则晶粒散射
(Sub)millimeter Dust Polarization of Protoplanetary Disks from Scattering by Large Millimeter-Sized Irregular Grains
论文作者
论文摘要
灰尘颗粒的大小,$ a $,是偶色磁盘中物理和化学过程的关键,但是晶粒尺寸的观察性约束仍然具有挑战性。 (子)毫米连续观测通常显示出平行于磁盘次级轴的百分比极化,这通常归因于$ \ sim \ sim100μ$ M尺寸的球形晶粒(带有$ x \ equiv2πa /λ<1 $,其中$λ$是波长)。较大的球形晶粒($ x $大于统一)将产生相反的极化方向。但是,推断的尺寸与不透明度指数$β$张力,指向更大的mm/cm大小的晶粒。我们研究了大型不规则晶粒散射产生的极化,其范围比从实验室实验获得的光学特性大的元素范围大。使用辐射转移代码RADMC-3D,我们发现大型不规则晶粒仍会产生与磁盘次要轴平行的极化。如果采用了光学中的原始脱石石折射率,则所有样品都可以产生通常观察到的极化水平。使用DSHARP DUST模型来考虑更常见的折射率,只有$ x $的几个(对应于$ \ sim $ mm尺寸的谷物)才能达到相同的极化水平。我们的结果表明,磁盘中的谷物可以在毫米状态下具有大小,这可能减轻散射和其他手段推断的晶粒尺寸之间的张力。此外,如果没有将大的不规则晶粒固定在中平面上,则它们的强向前散射会在倾斜磁盘的近侧和远处之间产生不对称性,可用于推断其存在。
The size of dust grains, $a$, is key to the physical and chemical processes in circumstellar disks, but observational constraints of grain size remain challenging. (Sub)millimeter continuum observations often show a percent-level polarization parallel to the disk minor axis, which is generally attributed to scattering by $\sim 100μ$m-sized spherical grains (with a size parameter $x \equiv 2πa / λ< 1$, where $λ$ is the wavelength). Larger spherical grains (with $x$ greater than unity) would produce opposite polarization direction. However, the inferred size is in tension with the opacity index $β$ that points to larger mm/cm-sized grains. We investigate the scattering-produced polarization by large irregular grains with a range of $x$ greater than unity with optical properties obtained from laboratory experiments. Using the radiation transfer code, RADMC-3D, we find that large irregular grains still produce polarization parallel to the disk minor axis. If the original forsterite refractive index in the optical is adopted, then all samples can produce the typically observed level of polarization. Accounting for the more commonly adopted refractive index using the DSHARP dust model, only grains with $x$ of several (corresponding to $\sim$mm-sized grains) can reach the same polarization level. Our results suggest that grains in disks can have sizes in the millimeter regime, which may alleviate the tension between the grain sizes inferred from scattering and other means. Additionally, if large irregular grains are not settled to the midplane, their strong forward scattering can produce asymmetries between the near and far side of an inclined disk, which can be used to infer their presence.