论文标题

黑洞信息丢失难题,物质纠缠熵和第二定律

The black hole information loss puzzle, matter-gravity entanglement entropy and the second law

论文作者

Kay, Bernard S.

论文摘要

自从霍金(Hawking)1974年的发现以来,我们预计由崩溃形成的黑洞将散发出辐射并最终消失。与信息丢失难题密切相关的是定义物理熵的客观概念的挑战,该熵在整个过程中以与单位性一致的方式增加。近年来,这已经用某些粗粒熵来解决。相反,我们建议应通过物质纠缠熵来识别物理熵,这可能会为黑洞倒塌和蒸发系统以及其他封闭的单位发展系统(尤其是整个宇宙)提供熵的解释增加。为此,必须是,黑洞蒸发后期状态的物质纠缠熵大于新鲜形成的黑洞的熵。我们在这里认为,由于(通常被忽略的)光子 - 格拉维顿相互作用,可能是这种情况。如果将黑洞放在一个稍有渗透性的盒子中减慢了黑洞的蒸发,我们给出了合理的论点,即在一个大黑洞蒸发后保持的辐射将保持(纯净和)主要由彼此纠缠的光子,而彼此纠结的雷神组成 - 具有光子 - 格拉维顿缠绕式的黑色可能比新鲜的黑色孔更大。似乎在没有这样的盒子的情况下,物质纠缠的熵也可能会增加,而后期状态再次成为(主要是)光子的纯状态,高度缠绕着霍金·霍金(Hawking)的光子本身已经辐射出来。需要更多的工作来找出是否确实如此。

Since Hawking's 1974 discovery, we expect that a black hole formed by collapse will emit radiation and eventually disappear. Closely related to the information loss puzzle is the challenge to define an objective notion of physical entropy which increases throughout this process in a way consistent with unitarity. In recent years, this has been addressed with certain notions of coarse grained entropy. We have suggested instead that physical entropy should be identified with matter-gravity entanglement entropy and that this may offer an explanation of entropy increase both for the black hole collapse and evaporation system and also for other closed unitarily evolving systems, notably the universe as a whole. For this to work, it would have to be that the matter-gravity entanglement entropy of the late-time state of black hole evaporation is larger than the entropy of the freshly formed black hole. We argue here that this is possibly the case due to (usually neglected) photon-graviton interactions. If black hole evaporation is slowed down by putting the black hole in a slightly permeable box, we give plausibility arguments that the radiation remaining after a large black hole has evaporated will (be pure and) mainly consist of roughly equal numbers of photons and gravitons entangled with one another -- with a photon-graviton entanglement entropy possibly greater than the entropy of the freshly formed black hole. It also seems possible that, even in the absence of such a box, the matter-gravity entanglement entropy might still increase and the late-time state again be a pure state of (predominantly) photons highly entangled with soft gravitons that the Hawking-emitted photons themselves had radiated. More work is needed to find out if it is indeed so.

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