论文标题
群体互惠和刻板印象的演变
Group reciprocity and the evolution of stereotyping
论文作者
论文摘要
刻板印象是对一群人的普遍信念，用于对他们做出决策和判断。尽管当必须迅速做出决定或缺乏信息时，这种启发式方法可能很有用，但它们也可以作为偏见和歧视的基础。在本文中，我们通过群体互惠研究刻板印象的演变。我们将刻板印象的温暖表征为仅基于其属于群体的身份合作的愿意。我们表明，当刻板印象很粗糙时，这种群体的互惠不太可能发展，刻板印象往往是负面的。我们还表明，即使刻板印象广泛积极，个人也常常对他们刻板印象的意愿过于悲观。然后，我们表明，刻板印象的发展趋势是由认知成本驱动的，因此随着成本的增加，越来越多的人会以更高的粗调定型。最终，我们表明外部“冲击”突然降低了合作的好处，可能会导致刻板印象的温暖和判断偏见巨大的负面影响，这与经济和其他危机是群体外敌意的驱动因素一致。
Stereotypes are generalized beliefs about groups of people, which are used to make decisions and judgments about them. Although such heuristics can be useful when decisions must be made quickly, or when information is lacking, they can also serve as the basis for prejudice and discrimination. In this paper we study the evolution of stereotypes through group reciprocity. We characterize the warmth of a stereotype as the willingness to cooperate with an individual based solely on the identity of the group they belong to. We show that when stereotypes are coarse, such group reciprocity is less likely to evolve, and stereotypes tend to be negative. We also show that, even when stereotypes are broadly positive, individuals are often overly pessimistic about the willingness of those they stereotype to cooperate. We then show that the tendency for stereotyping itself to evolve is driven by the costs of cognition, so that more people are stereotyped with greater coarseness as costs increase. Finally we show that extrinsic "shocks", in which the benefits of cooperation are suddenly reduced, can cause stereotype warmth and judgement bias to turn sharply negative, consistent with the view that economic and other crises are drivers of out-group animosity.
