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Fractal-like structures of varying complexity are common in nature, and measure-based dimensions (Minkowski, Hausdorff) supply their basic geometric characterization. However, at the level of fundamental dynamics, which is quantum, structure does not enter via geometry of fixed sets but is encoded in probability distributions on associated spaces. The question then arises whether a robust notion of fractal measure-based dimension exists for structures represented in this way. Starting from effective number theory, we construct all counting-based schemes to select effective supports on collections of objects with probabilities and associate the effective counting dimension (ECD) with each. We then show that ECD is scheme-independent and, thus, a well-defined measure-based dimension with meaning analogous to the Minkowski dimension of fixed sets. In physics language, ECD characterizes probabilistic descriptions arising in a theory or model via discrete ``regularization''. For example, our analysis makes recent surprising results on effective spatial dimensions in quantum chromodynamics and Anderson models well founded. We discuss how to assess the reliability of regularization removals in practice and perform such analysis in the context of 3d Anderson criticality.