论文标题
实验性观察暴力放松和形成不平衡的准平稳状态
Experimental observation of violent relaxation and the formation of out-of-equilibrium quasi-stationary states
论文作者
论文摘要
宇宙中的大规模结构范围从球状簇到整个星系，是放松到平衡状态的表现，这些状态在平衡时未由标准统计力学描述。相反，它们是通过截然不同的过程，即暴力放松的过程形成的。但是，天体物理时间尺度是如此之大，以至于不可能直接观察这些松弛动态，从而验证了暴力放松过程的细节。我们开发了一个桌面实验和模型，使我们能够直接观察到诸如相位空间混合和剧烈弛豫之类的效果，从而形成了银河系的桌面类似物。该实验使我们能够控制一系列参数，包括非局部（重力）相互作用强度和量子效应，从而为重力模型提供了有效的测试床，这些模型否则无法在实验环境中直接研究。
Large scale structures in the Universe, ranging from globular clusters to entire galaxies, are the manifestation of relaxation to out-of-equilibrium states that are not described by standard statistical mechanics at equilibrium. Instead, they are formed through a process of a very different nature, i.e. violent relaxation. However, astrophysical time-scales are so large that it is not possible to directly observe these relaxation dynamics and therefore verify the details of the violent relaxation process. We develop a table-top experiment and model that allows us to directly observe effects such as mixing of phase space, and violent relaxation, leading to the formation of a table-top analogue of a galaxy. The experiment allows us to control a range of parameters, including the nonlocal (gravitational) interaction strength and quantum effects, thus providing an effective test-bed for gravitational models that cannot otherwise be directly studied in experimental settings.
