论文标题
极端的太阳事件
Extreme solar events
论文作者
论文摘要
我们追踪了从1859年的卡灵顿事件到过去二十年的快速发展，对极端太阳和太阳事件的研究的演变。我们的重点是最大的观察/推断/理论案例的黑子群，阳光和阳光恒星，冠状质量弹出，太阳能质子事件和地磁风暴。审查的研究基于现代观察，历史或长期数据，包括极光和宇宙核素记录，以及对阳光恒星的开普勒观察结果。我们根据上述空间天气现象的发生频率分布来编译100年和1000年事件的表。考虑的问题包括超叶星星的阳光般的性质，以及有影响力但无法预测的太阳“黑天鹅”和极端“龙王”太阳现象的存在，这些现象可能涉及与仅在大型事件中运行的物理学不同的物理学。
We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the 1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the largest observed/inferred/theoretical cases of sunspot groups, flares on the Sun and Sun-like stars, coronal mass ejections, solar proton events, and geomagnetic storms. The reviewed studies are based on modern observations, historical or long-term data including the auroral and cosmogenic radionuclide record, and Kepler observations of Sun-like stars. We compile a table of 100- and 1000-year events based on occurrence frequency distributions for the space weather phenomena listed above. Questions considered include the Sun-like nature of superflare stars and the existence of impactful but unpredictable solar "black swans" and extreme "dragon king" solar phenomena that can involve different physics from that operating in events which are merely large.
