论文标题

一千个婴儿床死亡:使用低地球轨道星座破坏卫星通信

Death By A Thousand COTS: Disrupting Satellite Communications using Low Earth Orbit Constellations

论文作者

Rawlins, Frederick, Baker, Richard, Martinovic, Ivan

论文摘要

地静止轨道(GEO)中的卫星在世界各地提供许多商业,政府和军事服务,从监视和监视到视频通话和互联网访问的所有内容。然而,每公斤成本的急剧降低到空间,导致了较小卫星的低地球轨道(LEO)的实际和计划中的爆炸。这些星座是远程管理的,重要的是要考虑一个攻击者对组成卫星的控制权的情况。在本文中,我们旨在了解该攻击者可能会造成什么损害,并使用卫星产生干扰。为了基于我们的分析,我们模拟了许多现有的和计划的LEO星座,以示例地理星座,并评估每个星座的相对有效性。我们的模型表明,通过估计保守的权力,当前和计划的星座都可能破坏所考虑的每个地面上的地理卫星服务,其有效性在各个位置之间有很大变化。我们分析了不同的干扰模式,它们如何反映星座创建它们的结构以及它们对许多合法服务的有效性。我们发现,实时用法(例如呼叫,流媒体)将受到最大的影响,三种星座设计能够在所有地面上的一天中产生数千秒或更长的停电。

Satellites in Geostationary Orbit (GEO) provide a number of commercial, government, and military services around the world, offering everything from surveillance and monitoring to video calls and internet access. However a dramatic lowering of the cost-per-kilogram to space has led to a recent explosion in real and planned constellations in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) of smaller satellites. These constellations are managed remotely and it is important to consider a scenario in which an attacker gains control over the constituent satellites. In this paper we aim to understand what damage this attacker could cause, using the satellites to generate interference. To ground our analysis, we simulate a number of existing and planned LEO constellations against an example GEO constellation, and evaluate the relative effectiveness of each. Our model shows that with conservative power estimates, both current and planned constellations could disrupt GEO satellite services at every groundstation considered, with effectiveness varying considerably between locations. We analyse different patterns of interference, how they reflect the structures of the constellations creating them, and how effective they might be against a number of legitimate services. We found that real-time usage (e.g. calls, streaming) would be most affected, with 3 constellation designs able to generate thousands of outages of 30 seconds or longer over the course of the day across all groundstations.

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