论文标题

连续量子测量中的统一进化和现实的要素

Unitary evolution and elements of reality in consecutive quantum measurements

论文作者

Sokolovski, D.

论文摘要

连续量子测量结果的概率可以通过施工概率幅度来获得,从而意味着测量系统的单一演变,每次进行测量时都会破裂。实际上,实验者需要在实验结束时了解所有过去的结果,这需要携带相应记录的探针的存在。在这张照片中,可以看到复合系统+探针会经历不间断的单一演变,直到检查探针状态的结束。为了使这两个描述同意,需要在探针和系统之间进行特定类型的耦合,我们在一些详细信息中进行了讨论。考虑到这一点,我们考虑了两种不同的方法,将量子系统过去的描述扩展到了实际测量和记录的方式之外。一种是寻找可以确定值的数量而不改变现有概率的数量。可以找到这样的“现实元素”,但它们与EPR对应物的缺点相同。如果设置为共同工作,则旨在测量非公开操作员会感到沮丧的探测器,因此无法始终如一地确定此类数量的同时值。另一种可能性是调查系统对每周耦合探针的反应。此类弱探针被证明是为了将相应值仍被准确测量的情况减少到一小部分,或者仅导致对系统概率幅度的评估或其组合。我们得出结论,很难在量子力学中看到除形式主义以外的其他任何事物以预测实际执行观察结果的可能性的可能性。

Probabilities of the outcomes of consecutive quantum measurements can be obtained by construction probability amplitudes, thus implying unitary evolution of the measured system, broken each time a measurement is made. In practice, the experimenter needs to know all past outcomes at the end of the experiment, and that requires the presence of probes carrying the corresponding records. In this picture a composite system+probes can be seen to undergo an unbroken unitary evolution until the end of the trial, where the state of the probes is examined. For these two descriptions to agree one requires a particular type of coupling between a probe and the system, which we discuss in some details. With this in mind, we consider two different ways to extend the description of a quantum system's past beyond what is actually measured and recorded. One is to look for quantities whose values can be ascertained without altering the existing probabilities. Such "elements of reality" can be found, yet they suffer from the same drawback as their EPR counterparts. The probes designed to measure non-commuting operators frustrate each other if set up to work jointly, so no simultaneous values of such quantities can be established consistently. The other possibility is to investigate the system's response to weekly coupled probes. Such weak probes are shown either to reduce to a small fraction the number of cases where the corresponding values are still accurately measured, or lead only to the evaluation of the system's probability amplitudes, or their combinations. It is difficult, we conclude, to see in quantum mechanics anything other than a formalism for predicting the likelihoods of the recorded outcomes of actually performed observations.

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