论文标题
PEV宇宙射线的能源光谱和元素组成的测量：开放问题和前景
Measurement of Energy Spectrum and Elemental Composition of PeV Cosmic Rays: Open Problems and Prospects
论文作者
论文摘要
宇宙射线是宇宙中最重要的能量转化过程之一。他们带来了有关周围宇宙，我们的星系以及最可能在最高观察到的能量的信息。在他们发现的一个多世纪之后，我们还没有关于辐射的起源，加速度和传播过程的确切模型。主要原因是，通过位于地面水平的不同实验获得的结果仍然存在显着差异，这可能是由于影响测量值的系统不确定性未知。在本文档中，我们将重点关注从地面的银河宇宙射线检测，最高空气淋浴阵列可达10 $^{18} $ eV。本文的目的是讨论10 $^{15} $ eV能量范围的矛盾结果，以及在全粒子能量谱中阐明所谓的“膝盖”的起源的观点，对于宇宙射线频谱结束时为模型提供了坚实的基础，至关重要。我们将提供有用的元素，以了解从地面重建主要粒子特征（能量，质量和到达方向）的基本技术，并展示为什么间接测量很困难并且结果仍然存在冲突。
Cosmic rays represent one of the most important energy transformation processes of the universe. They bring information about the surrounding universe, our galaxy, and very probably also the extragalactic space, at least at the highest observed energies. More than one century after their discovery, we have no definitive models yet about the origin, acceleration and propagation processes of the radiation. The main reason is that there are still significant discrepancies among the results obtained by different experiments located at ground level, probably due to unknown systematic uncertainties affecting the measurements. In this document, we will focus on the detection of galactic cosmic rays from ground with air shower arrays up to 10$^{18}$ eV. The aim of this paper is to discuss the conflicting results in the 10$^{15}$ eV energy range and the perspectives to clarify the origin of the so-called `knee' in the all-particle energy spectrum, crucial to give a solid basis for models up to the end of the cosmic ray spectrum. We will provide elements useful to understand the basic techniques used in reconstructing primary particle characteristics (energy, mass, and arrival direction) from the ground, and to show why indirect measurements are difficult and results are still conflicting.
