论文标题
这里没有什么可见的：失败的超新星是微弱或稀有的
Nothing to see here: Failed supernovae are faint or rare
论文作者
论文摘要
在17个太阳质量以上的祖细胞引起的IIP型核心折叠型超新星的缺失表明，存在巨大恒星结束生命的另一种进化路径。恒星芯直接崩溃到黑洞上，而没有产生明亮的爆炸性瞬态，预计将产生长寿，昏暗的红色瞬态，称为失败的超新星。尽管近年来发现了许多候选人因消失的巨星而消失，但超新星失败的明确观察证据仍然难以捉摸。一种定制的管道设计用于检测淡淡的瞬变的管道，用于重新分析PTF/ZTF调查的231个附近星系的10年观察。该分析恢复已知的超新星，并产生许多有趣的瞬变。但是，这些都不与失败的超新星一致。通过蒙特卡洛测试，我们的管道的恢复效率被量化。通过假设超新星的失败是作为泊松过程，数据集中的检测为零，将95％的上限制为失败超新星的速率是失败的超新星绝对幅度的函数。我们估计，无法分别为$ -11 $，$ -12 $，$ -13 $和$ -14 $的绝对大小的核心折叠SN率的超新星小于0.61、0.33、0.26或0.23。 Finally, we show that if they exist, the Vera C. Rubin Observatory will find 1.7 - 3.7 failed SNe per year for an absolute bolometric luminosity of $\sim 6 \times 10^{39} \textrm{ erg s}^{-1}$ out to distances of 33 - 43 Mpc, depending on their assumed spectral energy distribution.
The absence of Type IIP core-collapse supernovae arising from progenitors above 17 solar masses suggests the existence of another evolutionary path by which massive stars end their lives. The direct collapse of a stellar core to a black hole without the production of a bright, explosive transient is expected to produce a long-lived, dim, red transient known as a failed supernova. Despite the detection of a number of candidates for disappearing massive stars in recent years, conclusive observational evidence for failed supernovae remains elusive. A custom-built pipeline designed for the detection of faint transients is used to re-analyse 10 years of observations of 231 nearby galaxies from the PTF/ZTF surveys. This analysis recovers known supernovae, and yields a number of interesting transients. However, none of these are consistent with a failed supernova. Through Monte Carlo tests the recovery efficiency of our pipeline is quantified. By assuming failed supernovae occur as a Poissonian process with zero detections in the data set, 95 per cent upper limits to the rate of failed supernovae are calculated as a function of failed supernova absolute magnitude. We estimate failed supernovae to be less than 0.61, 0.33, 0.26, or 0.23 of the core-collapse SN rate for absolute magnitudes of $-11$, $-12$, $-13$, and $-14$ respectively. Finally, we show that if they exist, the Vera C. Rubin Observatory will find 1.7 - 3.7 failed SNe per year for an absolute bolometric luminosity of $\sim 6 \times 10^{39} \textrm{ erg s}^{-1}$ out to distances of 33 - 43 Mpc, depending on their assumed spectral energy distribution.
