论文标题

因果关系在操作概率理论中的影响

Causal influence in operational probabilistic theories

论文作者

Perinotti, Paolo

论文摘要

我们在操作概率理论的背景下研究了可逆演化的输入系统及其输出系统的输入系统之间因果影响的关系。我们分析了两个不同的定义,这些定义是从量子理论的文献中借用的,它们是等效的。一个是基于信号的概念,另一个是用于定义量子细胞自动机中细胞邻域的概念。后者的定义是我们在一般情况下采用的,事实证明,这比前者严格弱:系统可以对另一个系统产生因果影响,而不会发出信号。值得注意的是,反例来自经典理论,其中提出的因果影响概念决定了细胞自动机中细胞邻域的重新定义。我们强调的是,根据我们的定义,无论如何在没有互动的情况下,就不可能产生因果影响,例如,在类似钟形的情况下。我们研究了因果影响的各种条件,并介绍了我们所说的不相互作用的特征,而没有干扰,我们证明了信号传导和因果影响一致。拟议的定义对因果网络的分析有有趣的后果,并导致对经典蜂窝自动机的邻里概念进行修改,从而阐明了一个拼图,这显然使邻里大于原始邻居大。

We study the relation of causal influence between input systems of a reversible evolution and its output systems, in the context of operational probabilistic theories. We analyse two different definitions that are borrowed from the literature on quantum theory -- where they are equivalent. One is the notion based on signalling, and the other one is the notion used to define the neighbourhood of a cell in a quantum cellular automaton. The latter definition, that we adopt in the general scenario, turns out to be strictly weaker than the former: it is possible for a system to have causal influence on another one without signalling to it. Remarkably, the counterexample comes from classical theory, where the proposed notion of causal influence determines a redefinition of the neighbourhood of a cell in cellular automata. We stress that, according to our definition, it is impossible anyway to have causal influence in the absence of an interaction, e.g.~in a Bell-like scenario. We study various conditions for causal influence, and introduce the feature that we call no interaction without disturbance, under which we prove that signalling and causal influence coincide. The proposed definition has interesting consequences on the analysis of causal networks, and leads to a revision of the notion of neighbourhood for classical cellular automata, clarifying a puzzle regarding their quantisation that apparently makes the neighbourhood larger than the original one.

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