论文标题
软重力交换和信息悖论
Soft graviton exchange and the information paradox
论文作者
论文摘要
我们表明，在量子重力中存在一个显着的阶段，即可以在有效的野外理论中明确计算由虚拟重力介导的重力散射振幅，当影响参数$ b $满足$ l_ {pl} \ ll b \ ll b \ sillssim r_s $时，$ r_s $ r_s $是$ r_s $ schwarzschild radius radius。该阶段捕获了满足$ \ sqrt {s} \ggγm_{pl} $的碰撞（与地平线附近的$γ\ sim m_ {pl}/m_ {bh} $）。我们将其称为黑洞Eikonal阶段，与碰撞是Trans-Planckian的平坦空间类似物相反。 Hawking的几何光学近似忽略了地平线附近的重力相互作用，并导致Bogoliubov系数的热占用数量。我们表明，这些相互作用是由$ 2 \ rightarrow 2 $散射在地平线附近的graviton Exchange介导的，并在$ m_ {pl}/m_ {bh} $中明确地计算了S-Matrix非扰动。这涉及到地平线附近无限多个梯子图的重新点击，这都是由虚拟软重力体介导的。事实证明，S-Matrix在此重新点燃时是一个纯粹的相位，是普朗克物理学和任何特定的紫外线完成的不可知论。与扁平空间的二子极限相反，黑洞艾科纳尔相捕获了地平线附近极低能量的碰撞。
We show that there is a remarkable phase in quantum gravity where gravitational scattering amplitudes mediated by virtual gravitons can be calculated explicitly in effective field theory, when the impact parameter $b$ satisfies $L_{Pl}\ll b \lesssim R_S$, with $R_S$ being the Schwarzschild radius. This phase captures collisions with energies satisfying $\sqrt{s}\gg γM_{Pl}$ (with $γ\sim M_{Pl}/M_{BH}$) near the horizon. We call this the black hole eikonal phase, in contrast to its flat space analogue where collisions are trans-Planckian. Hawking's geometric optics approximation neglects gravitational interactions near the horizon, and results in thermal occupation numbers in the Bogoliubov coefficients. We show that these interactions are mediated by graviton exchange in $2 \rightarrow 2$ scattering near the horizon, and explicitly calculate the S-matrix non-perturbatively in $M_{Pl}/M_{BH}$. This involves a re-summation of infinitely many ladder diagrams near the horizon, all mediated by virtual soft gravitons. The S-matrix turns out to be a pure phase upon this re-summation and is agnostic of Planckian physics and any specific ultraviolet completion. In contrast to the flat space eikonal limit, the black hole eikonal phase captures collisions of extremely low energy near the horizon.
