论文标题

局部平衡中的宇宙气泡摩擦

Cosmological bubble friction in local equilibrium

论文作者

Balaji, Shyam, Spannowsky, Michael, Tamarit, Carlos

论文摘要

在一阶宇宙学相变中,扩展气泡的渐近速度对于预测可观察到的物品(如随机引力波的光谱)或建立解释宇宙基本特性(例如观察到的Baryonmmemmetry)的机制的可行性至关重要。在这些动态相变,通常可以接受的是,跨膜气泡膨胀需要与等离子体的平衡相互作用,而等离子体在标量场的运动方程中被摩擦项捕获。这是在指出局部平衡中的跨流速度的作品中引起了争议,该局部平衡是由流动中的流体动力效应或在整个气泡壁上的熵变化而产生的。我们认为,这两种效应都是相关的,并且可以从局部平衡中自由度的熵的保存中理解,从而导致deflagration和爆炸的跨膜速度。摩擦效应来自等离子体中熵密度的背景场依赖性,可以通过简单地施加局部对应激能量的局部保护,并包括依赖于场的热贡献对有效潜力。我们通过在标准模型扩展中具有其他标量字段的标准模型扩展中的一阶电动跃迁的动态和静态气泡的明确计算来说明这一点。

In first-order cosmological phase transitions, the asymptotic velocity of expanding bubbles is of crucial relevance for predicting observables like the spectrum of stochastic gravitational waves, or for establishing the viability of mechanisms explaining fundamental properties of the universe such as the observed baryon asymmetry. In these dynamic phase transitions, it is generally accepted that subluminal bubble expansion requires out-of-equilibrium interactions with the plasma which are captured by friction terms in the equations of motion for the scalar field. This has been disputed in works pointing out subluminal velocities in local equilibrium arising either from hydrodynamic effects in deflagrations or from the entropy change across the bubble wall in general situations. We argue that both effects are related and can be understood from the conservation of the entropy of the degrees of freedom in local equilibrium, leading to subluminal speeds for both deflagrations and detonations. The friction effect arises from the background field dependence of the entropy density in the plasma, and can be accounted for by simply imposing local conservation of stress-energy and including field dependent thermal contributions to the effective potential. We illustrate this with explicit calculations of dynamic and static bubbles for a first-order electroweak transition in a Standard Model extension with additional scalar fields.

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