论文标题
病理水科学 - 四个例子及其共同的例子
Pathological Water Science -- Four Examples and What They Have in Common
论文作者
论文摘要
当善意的科学家花费大量时间和资源来研究不真实的现象时，就会发生病理科学。陷入病理科学的研究人员通常遵循科学方法并进行仔细的实验，但他们被大自然所欺骗。对水的研究有几种旷日持久的病理科学发作，其中一些仍在进行中。我们讨论了病理水科学的四个领域 - 聚水，MPEMBA效应，Pollack的“第四阶段”以及静态磁场对水的影响。出现了一些常见的水特异性问题，例如用溶解的溶质和纳米泡的实验污染和混淆。一般问题还出现了，例如不精确地定义正在研究的内容，对确认而不是伪造的偏见以及可重复性的差标准。我们希望这项工作可以帮助研究人员避免浪费宝贵的时间和追求病理科学的资源。
Pathological science occurs when well-intentioned scientists spend extended time and resources studying a phenomena that isn't real. Researchers who get caught up in pathological science are usually following the scientific method and performing careful experiments, but they get tricked by nature. The study of water has had several protracted episodes of pathological science, a few of which are still ongoing. We discuss four areas of pathological water science -polywater, the Mpemba effect, Pollack's "fourth phase" of water, and the effects of static magnetic fields on water. Some common water-specific issues emerge such as the contamination and confounding of experiments with dissolved solutes and nanobubbles. General issues also emerge such as imprecision in defining what is being studied, bias towards confirmation rather than falsification, and poor standards for reproducibility. We hope this work helps researchers avoid wasting valuable time and resources pursuing pathological science.
