论文标题
高保真社会学习的演变
The evolution of high-fidelity social learning
论文作者
论文摘要
人类文化的一个定义特征是知识和技术随着时间的推移不断改善。这种累积的文化进化（CCE）可能在很大程度上取决于如何可靠地保留信息，而不是其有效的精炼。因此，其他物种中CCE似乎减少或不存在的可能原因是，它需要准确但专业的社会学习形式，在该社会学习中，人类是独特的熟练的。在这里，我们开发了一个贝叶斯模型，以对比，支持CCE的高保真社会学习与低保真社会学习的发展。我们发现，当（1）社交和（2）单个学习廉价，（3）特征很复杂时，高保真传播会发展，（4）单个学习丰富，（5）自适应问题很困难，（6）行为灵活。低保真传播在许多方面有所不同。它不仅在（2）个人学习成本高昂，而且（4）很少见，而且（3）特征很简单，并且（5）自适应问题很容易。如果有利于高保真传播演变的条件更严格（3和5）或更难满足（2和4），这可以解释为什么社会学习很普遍，但是CCE很少见。
A defining feature of human culture is that knowledge and technology continually improve over time. Such cumulative cultural evolution (CCE) probably depends far more heavily on how reliably information is preserved than on how efficiently it is refined. Therefore, one possible reason that CCE appears diminished or absent in other species is that it requires accurate but specialized forms of social learning at which humans are uniquely adept. Here, we develop a Bayesian model to contrast the evolution of high-fidelity social learning, which supports CCE, against low-fidelity social learning, which does not. We find that high-fidelity transmission evolves when (1) social and (2) individual learning are inexpensive, (3) traits are complex, (4) individual learning is abundant, (5) adaptive problems are difficult and (6) behaviour is flexible. Low-fidelity transmission differs in many respects. It not only evolves when (2) individual learning is costly and (4) infrequent but also proves more robust when (3) traits are simple and (5) adaptive problems are easy. If conditions favouring the evolution of high-fidelity transmission are stricter (3 and 5) or harder to meet (2 and 4), this could explain why social learning is common, but CCE is rare.
