论文标题
大气中风能的物理极限及其用作可再生能源的用途：从理论基础到实际含义
Physical limits of wind energy within the atmosphere and its use as renewable energy: From the theoretical basis to practical implications
论文作者
论文摘要
大气会产生多少风能，其中多少可以用作可再生能源？这篇综述旨在给出一阶估计和敏感性，以回答这些问题，这些问题与从数值仿真模型中获得的问题一致。第一部分描述了热力学如何确定大气在物理上能够从太阳辐射强迫下产生的风能。为了产生和维持大规模大气运动所做的工作可以看作是大气热发动机的结果，这是由于热带和极点之间太阳辐射加热的差异所驱动的。所得运动传递热量，这会耗尽这种差分太阳能加热和相关的大规模温度差。热力学驱动器与产生的动力学之间的这种相互作用导致全球平均动能生成速率的最大值约为1.7 w m $^{ - 2} $，这与大约2.1-2.1-2.5 w m $^{ - 2} $的观测值相匹配。第二部分的重点是将大气的动能转化为可再生能量的限制。下部大气的动量平衡表明，在大尺度上，最多只能转换为可再生能源的大约26％的动能，从而产生约0.5 w m $ $ $^{ - 2} $的典型资源潜力。小型风电场产量更高的明显差异可以通过约100 km的空间尺度来解释，在该空间尺度上，在表面附近的动能正在消散和补充。我讨论了这些洞察力如何与已建立的气象概念兼容，为实践应用提供信息，并可以为以简单，分析和透明的方式进行气候科学树立基础。
How much wind energy does the atmosphere generate, and how much of it can at best be used as renewable energy? This review aims to give first-order estimates and sensitivities to answer these questions that are consistent with those obtained from numerical simulation models. The first part describes how thermodynamics determines how much wind energy the atmosphere is physically capable of generating at large scales from the solar radiative forcing. The work done to generate and maintain large-scale atmospheric motion can be seen as the consequence of an atmospheric heat engine, which is driven by the difference in solar radiative heating between the tropics and the poles. The resulting motion transports heat, which depletes this differential solar heating and the associated, large-scale temperature difference. This interaction between the thermodynamic driver and the resulting dynamics leads to a maximum in the global mean kinetic energy generation rate of about 1.7 W m$^{-2}$, which matches rates inferred from observations of about 2.1 - 2.5 W m$^{-2}$ very well. The second part focuses on the limits of converting the kinetic energy of the atmosphere into renewable energy. The momentum balance of the lower atmosphere shows that at large-scales, only a fraction of about 26% of the kinetic energy can at most be converted to renewable energy, yielding a typical resource potential of about 0.5 W m$^{-2}$ per surface area. The apparent discrepancy with much higher yields of small wind farms can be explained by the spatial scale of about 100 km at which kinetic energy near the surface is being dissipated and replenished. I close with a discussion of how these insights are compatible to established meteorological concepts, inform practical applications, and can set the basis for doing climate science in a simple, analytical, and transparent way.
