论文标题

基于晶格的NIST PQC算法的系统研究:从参考实现到硬件加速器

A Systematic Study of Lattice-based NIST PQC Algorithms: from Reference Implementations to Hardware Accelerators

论文作者

Imran, Malik, Abideen, Zain Ul, Pagliarini, Samuel

论文摘要

当前部署的公共密钥密码算法的安全性预计将容易受到量子计算机攻击的影响。因此,存在着开发量子后加密(PQC)算法的社区努力,即对量子攻击具有抵抗力的算法。在这项工作中,我们研究了NIST PQC标准化竞赛票价的基于晶格的候选算法如何被视为硬件加速器。为了实现这一目标,我们评估了所选算法的参考实现,目的是确定其基本构件是什么。我们假设硬件加速器将在应用程序特定的集成电路(ASIC)中实现,并且我们实验中的目标技术是一个商业65nm节点。为了估计每种算法的特征,我们评估了它们的内存需求,乘数的使用以及每种算法如何使用散列功能。此外,对于这些构建块,我们收集了12种候选算法的区域和功率数字。对于记忆,我们使用商业记忆编译器。对于逻辑,我们使用标准单元格库。为了公平地比较候选算法,我们选择了500MHz操作的参考频率。我们的结果表明,尽管我们的实验频率更高,但我们的区域和功率数与最新的状态相当。在本文中执行的基于晶格的NIST PQC算法的全面研究可用于指导ASIC设计人员,同时选择适当的算法,同时尊重需求和设计约束。

Security of currently deployed public key cryptography algorithms is foreseen to be vulnerable against quantum computer attacks. Hence, a community effort exists to develop post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms, i.e., algorithms that are resistant to quantum attacks. In this work, we have investigated how lattice-based candidate algorithms from the NIST PQC standardization competition fare when conceived as hardware accelerators. To achieve this, we have assessed the reference implementations of selected algorithms with the goal of identifying what are their basic building blocks. We assume the hardware accelerators will be implemented in application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and the targeted technology in our experiments is a commercial 65nm node. In order to estimate the characteristics of each algorithm, we have assessed their memory requirements, use of multipliers, and how each algorithm employs hashing functions. Furthermore, for these building blocks, we have collected area and power figures for 12 candidate algorithms. For memories, we make use of a commercial memory compiler. For logic, we make use of a standard cell library. In order to compare the candidate algorithms fairly, we select a reference frequency of operation of 500MHz. Our results reveal that our area and power numbers are comparable to the state of the art, despite targeting a higher frequency of operation and a higher security level in our experiments. The comprehensive investigation of lattice-based NIST PQC algorithms performed in this paper can be used for guiding ASIC designers when selecting an appropriate algorithm while respecting requirements and design constraints.

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