论文标题

木星的生长:气体和固体磁盘的形成以及当前时期的演变

Growth of Jupiter: Formation in Disks of Gas and Solids and Evolution to the Present Epoch

论文作者

D'Angelo, Gennaro, Weidenschilling, Stuart J., Lissauer, Jack J., Bodenheimer, Peter

论文摘要

[删节]木星的形成是通过核心 - 核积聚建模的,而行星的演化将在当前时期进行模拟。 D'Angelo等人提出了从小胚胎到燃气积聚超过固体积聚的生长。 (Icarus 2014,241,298)。这些计算以$ 4 \ times 10^{5} $年的形式遵循,直到重元和h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/h/he {z} \大约7.3 $和$ m_ {xy} \ of the 0.15 $ arter asses($ m _ {\ oplus} $)分别分别dm_ {z}/dt $。当$ m_ {xy} = m_ {z} $,在哪个年龄,大约2.4 \ times 10^{6} $年龄时,计算将继续进行整个阶段。大约$ 9 \ times 10^{5} $几年后,$ m_ {p} $大约是$ 60 \,m _ {\ oplus} $和$ m_ {z} \ oft 16 \,m _ {\ oplus} $。围绕这个时期,包络的收缩决定了几次$ 10^{ - 3} \,M _ {\ oplus} $每年的$ 10^{ - 3} \,当行星的演变与磁盘的进化息息相关时,启动了圆盘限制的积聚的状态。通过构建通过粘性扩散,风和积聚在地球上进化的增生磁盘模型来继续生长。木星的构造在$ \ 3.4 $ - $ 4.2 $ MYR之后结束,当时星云燃气分散时。年轻的木星为$ 4.5 $ - $ 5.5 $ $ $倍,如目前的数量,数千倍,$ \ sim 10^{ - 5} \,l _ {\ odot} $。重元素质量为$ \ of 20 \,m _ {\ oplus} $。除了太阳照射外,演化是通过冷却和收缩阶段进行的。在$ 4570 $ MYR之后,地球的半径和光度在当前价值的10美元范围内。在形成过程中,此后不久,该行星表现出特征,例如光度和有效温度,如果可以观察到,则可能探测形成的后期阶段的各个方面。然而,这些可能是独特的特征似乎消失在Myr的几十个中。

[Abridged] The formation of Jupiter is modeled via core-nucleated accretion, and the planet's evolution is simulated up to the present epoch. The growth from a small embryo until gas accretion overtakes solids' accretion was presented by D'Angelo et al. (Icarus 2014, 241, 298). Those calculations followed the formation for $4\times 10^{5}$ years, until the heavy-element and H/He masses were $M_{Z}\approx 7.3$ and $M_{XY}\approx 0.15$ Earth's masses ($M_{\oplus}$), respectively, and $dM_{XY}/dt\approx dM_{Z}/dt$. The calculation is continued through the phase when $M_{XY}=M_{Z}$, at which age, about $2.4\times 10^{6}$ years, the planet mass is $M_{p}\approx 20\,M_{\oplus}$. About $9\times 10^{5}$ years later, $M_{p}$ is approximately $60\,M_{\oplus}$ and $M_{Z}\approx 16\,M_{\oplus}$. Around this epoch, the contraction of the envelope dictates gas accretion rates a few times $10^{-3}\,M_{\oplus}$ per year, initiating the regime of disk-limited accretion, when the planet's evolution is tied to disk's evolution. Growth is continued by constructing simplified models of accretion disks that evolve through viscous diffusion, winds, and accretion on the planet. Jupiter's formation ends after $\approx 3.4$-$4.2$ Myr, when nebula gas disperses. The young Jupiter is $4.5$-$5.5$ times as voluminous as it is presently and thousands of times as luminous, $\sim 10^{-5}\,L_{\odot}$. The heavy-element mass is $\approx 20\,M_{\oplus}$. The evolution proceeds through the cooling and contraction phase, in isolation except for solar irradiation. After $4570$ Myr, radius and luminosity of the planet are within $10$% of current values. During formation, and soon thereafter, the planet exhibits features, e.g., luminosity and effective temperature, that may probe aspects of the latter stages of formation, if observable. These possibly distinctive features, however, seem to disappear within a few tens of Myr.

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