论文标题
当昂贵的惩罚在进化上有益
When Costly Punishment Becomes Evolutionarily Beneficial
论文作者
论文摘要
进化生物学的合作意味着要支付费用c,以享受福利,b。叛逃者是不支付任何费用但享受合作者的好处的人。尤其是人类社会,已经发展了一种阻止叛逃和惩罚的策略。昂贵的惩罚是一种惩罚,生物网络中的代理商或某些合作计划中的代理商支付成本,以确保另一个代理会产生一些成本。先前的研究表明,在游戏中邻居的多样性,连通性的密度和昂贵的惩罚如何影响非规范网络合作的演变。在这项研究中,还考虑了由于昂贵的惩罚的影响,正常网络的演变被认为是空间晶格。这项研究比较了非规则网络和常规网络之间的观察结果,因为这些参数发生了变化,并对这些网络中发生的相互作用有了更清晰的了解。模型,结果和分析为游戏理论和惩罚带来了新的理解。结果表明,昂贵的惩罚永远不会成为唯一的进化策略。但是,在昂贵的惩罚者可以发展更有利的策略的进化游戏中,最初的惩罚者的最初存在将带来所有类型的常规网络和异构网络的平均收益。在常规网络中,每个节点都具有相同的度,k。尽管通常认为惩罚是反进程的,但在邻居的多样性面前,它会放大一个群体的收益,从而使所有异质网络的回报。但是,在常规网络中,邻居的多样性不需要昂贵的惩罚来提高平均收益。这表明了一个问题的答案,说明为什么自然选择对代价高昂的惩罚受到青睐,这在人类人群中尤其明显。
Cooperation in evolutionary biology means paying a cost, c, to enjoy benefits, b. A defector is one who does not pay any cost but enjoys the benefits of cooperators. Human societies, especially, have evolved a strategy to discourage defection, punishment. Costly punishment is a type of punishment where an agent in a biological network or some cooperative scheme pays a cost to ensure another agent incurs some cost. A previous study shows how parameters like diversity in neighbors across games, density of connectivity, and costly punishment influence the evolution of cooperation in non-regular networks. In this study, evolution in regular networks due to the influence of costly punishment is also considered, specifically spatial lattices. This study compares observations between non-regular and regular networks as these parameters change and brings a clearer understanding of interactions that occur in these networks. The models, results and analysis bring a new understanding to game theory and punishment. The results show that costly punishment never arises as a sole evolutionary strategy. However, in evolutionary games where costly punishers could evolve more favorable strategies, the initial presence of costly punishers would bring about high average payoffs in all types of regular networks and heterogeneous networks. In regular networks, every node has the same degree, k. Although punishment is conventionally thought to be anti-progressive, in the presence of diversity in neighbors, it magnifies the payoff of a group for all heterogeneous networks. In regular networks however, diversity in neighbors is not required for costly punishment to boost average payoff. This suggests an answer to the question on why costly punishment has been favored by natural selection, which is particularly obvious in human populations.