论文标题
种族隔离模式的复杂性
Complexity in patterns of racial segregation
论文作者
论文摘要
城市是复杂的系统，它们的复杂性通过其空间结构的分裂以及多种城市属性的力量法分布（缩放）而表现出来。在这里，我们报告了以前未报告的城市复杂性表现形式 - 缩放住宅种族隔离的模式。一个城市的高分辨率种族网格被分割为种族飞地，这是固定种族组成的斑块。分析了41个美国城市的斑块区域和人口数量的经验PDF，以表明这些变量具有分布，这些变量要么是电力法或近似功率法。 Power Law适用于所有贴片的池，用于各个城市的补丁以及仅限于特定种族类型的补丁。指数的平均值为1990年面积/人口的平均值为1.64/1.68，2010年为1.70/1.74。类型特定贴片的指数值有所不同，但是从1990年到2010年的变化减少了。我们还通过种族贴片而形成的模式进行了多次范围的多帧数分析，并发现了这些模式的平均值。关于种族类型和分析年份。种族斑块大小和种族模式的分形特征的功率定律分布在种族隔离模型上表现出可观察到的可量化约束。我们认为，通过优先依恋的生长是一种合理的机制，导致观察到的隔离模式。
Cities are complex systems, their complexity manifests itself through fractality of their spatial structures and by power law distributions (scaling) of multiple urban attributes. Here we report on the previously unreported manifestation of urban complexity -- scaling in patterns of residential racial segregation. A high-resolution racial grid of a city is segmented into racial enclaves which are patches of stationary racial composition. Empirical PDFs of patch areas and population counts in 41 US cities were analyzed to reveal that these variables have distributions which are either power laws or approximate power laws. Power law holds for a pool of all patches, for patches from individual cities, and patches restricted to specific racial types. The average value of the exponent is 1.64/1.68 for area/population in 1990 and 1.70/1.74 in 2010. The values of exponents for type-specific patches vary, but variations had decreased from 1990 to 2010. We have also performed a multifractal analysis of patterns formed by racial patches and found that these patterns are monofractal with average values of fractal dimensions in the 0.94-1.81 range depending on racial types and the year of analysis. Power law distribution of racial patch sizes and a fractal character of racial patterns present observable and quantifiable constraints on models of racial segregation. We argue that growth by preferential attachment is a plausible mechanism leading to observed patterns of segregation.
