论文标题
连贯量子系统和有限尺寸的热浴的第二定律不平等
The tight Second Law inequality for coherent quantum systems and finite-size heat baths
论文作者
论文摘要
我们提出了一种新形式的第二定律不平等，该形式定义了从非平衡量子状态的可提取工作的紧密绑定。在经典的热力学中，最佳工作是由自由能的差异给出的，根据Skrzypczyk \ emph {et al。}的结果，可以推广到单个量子系统。但是，这种结合的饱和需要一个无限的浴缸和能够从连贯性中提取工作的理想能量存储。根据麦内氏疗法（而不是自由能）定义的新不平等效果都包含了这两种重要的显微镜效应。特别是，我们得出了连贯性锁定能量的公式，即不能作为工作提取的量子贡献，并发现其热力学极限。此外，我们建立了与热浴的任意量子系统的麦内型和自由能之间的一般关系，这表明后者确实是关于工作提取的最终热力学结合，并且表明麦芽糖可以解释为有限量尺寸热水浴的自由能的普遍性。
We propose a new form of the Second Law inequality that defines a tight bound for extractable work from the non-equilibrium quantum state. In classical thermodynamics, the optimal work is given by the difference of free energy, what according to the result of Skrzypczyk \emph{et al.} can be generalized for individual quantum systems. The saturation of this bound, however, requires an infinite bath and an ideal energy storage that is able to extract work from coherences. The new inequality, defined in terms of the ergotropy (rather than free energy), incorporates both of those important microscopic effects. In particular, we derive a formula for the locked energy in coherences, i.e. a quantum contribution that cannot be extracted as a work, and we find out its thermodynamic limit. Furthermore, we establish a general relation between ergotropy and free energy of the arbitrary quantum system coupled to the heat bath, what reveals that the latter is indeed the ultimate thermodynamic bound regarding work extraction, and shows that ergotropy can be interpreted as the generalization of the free energy for the finite-size heat baths.
