论文标题

选定瑞士湖中冰的集成监测。最终项目报告

Integrated monitoring of ice in selected Swiss lakes. Final project report

论文作者

Tom, Manu, Suetterlin, Melanie, Bouffard, Damien, Rothermel, Mathias, Wunderle, Stefan, Baltsavias, Emmanuel

论文摘要

包括湖泊在内的各种湖泊可观察物与气候和气候变化有关,为长期监测提供了一个很好的机会。因此,湖泊(作为湖冰的一部分)被认为是全球气候观察系统(GCO)的必不可少的气候变量(ECV)。在需要对瑞士湖冰的综合多周期监测之后,瑞士GCOS框架中的Meteoswiss支持了这项为期两年的项目,不仅探索了使用卫星图像的使用,还支持网络摄像头和原位测量的可能性。该项目的目的是监视某些目标湖泊,并检测冰的程度,尤其是冰上/关闭日期,重点是整合各种输入数据和处理方法。目标湖泊是:圣莫里茨,西瓦普拉纳,西尔斯,西希尔,格里芬和艾格里,因此只有前四个主要在观察期间被冷冻并因此进行了处理。观察期主要是2016 - 17年冬季。在项目期间,开发,实施,测试和比较了各种方法。首先,使用了低空间分辨率(250-1000 m),但使用了来自光学传感器MODIS和VIIRS的高时间分辨率(1天)卫星图像。其次,作为一个试点项目,研究了现有的公共网络摄像头的使用,以(a)验证卫星数据的结果,以及(b)对湖冰的独立估计,尤其是对于像圣莫里茨这样的小湖泊,无法在卫星图像中进行监控。第三,进行了原位测量,以表征温度曲线的发展,并在冷冻之前和在冰盖下进行部分压力直至融化。本报告介绍了项目工作的结果。

Various lake observables, including lake ice, are related to climate and climate change and provide a good opportunity for long-term monitoring. Lakes (and as part of them lake ice) is therefore considered an Essential Climate Variable (ECV) of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). Following the need for an integrated multi-temporal monitoring of lake ice in Switzerland, MeteoSwiss in the framework of GCOS Switzerland supported this 2-year project to explore not only the use of satellite images but also the possibilities of Webcams and in-situ measurements. The aim of this project is to monitor some target lakes and detect the extent of ice and especially the ice-on/off dates, with focus on the integration of various input data and processing methods. The target lakes are: St. Moritz, Silvaplana, Sils, Sihl, Greifen and Aegeri, whereby only the first four were mainly frozen during the observation period and thus processed. The observation period was mainly the winter 2016-17. During the project, various approaches were developed, implemented, tested and compared. Firstly, low spatial resolution (250 - 1000 m) but high temporal resolution (1 day) satellite images from the optical sensors MODIS and VIIRS were used. Secondly, and as a pilot project, the use of existing public Webcams was investigated for (a) validation of results from satellite data, and (b) independent estimation of lake ice, especially for small lakes like St. Moritz, that could not be possibly monitored in the satellite images. Thirdly, in-situ measurements were made in order to characterize the development of the temperature profiles and partly pressure before freezing and under the ice-cover until melting. This report presents the results of the project work.

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