论文标题
非常高的红移类星体和超质量黑洞的快速出现
Very high redshift quasars and the rapid emergence of super-massive black holes
论文作者
论文摘要
在非常高的红移（例如Poniuaena）上观察类星体是超级质量黑洞（SMBH）形成模型的挑战。这项工作介绍了一项通过在宿主星系组成开始时形成的星状簇中通过已知的物理过程进行的SMBH形成的研究。 While at the early stages hyper-massive star-burst clusters reach the luminosities of quasars, once their massive stars die, the ensuing gas accretion from the still forming host galaxy compresses its stellar black hole (BH) component to a compact state overcoming heating from the BH--BH binaries such that the cluster collapses, forming a massive SMBH-seed within about a hundred Myr.在这种情况下，SMBH-晶状体相关性近来出现。因此，最高的红色类星体可能是高质量的星状簇或年轻的超紧凑型矮星系（UCDS），是SMBHS的前体，在其中大约200颗恒星中形成了大约200 Myr。对于球体质量<10^9.6 msun a smbH无法形成，而仅累积的核簇仍保留。计算带有红移的类星体阶段的数量演变，并且在非常高的红移下丢失了类星体的可能问题。鉴于高红移观测值，对持SMBH的UCD和球体的形成进行了批判性讨论。在缩小尺寸和观察到的SFR所隐含的高星形成率（SFR）之间发现可能的张力，这可能会在IGIMF理论中缓解，如果缩小时间较长。
The observation of quasars at very high redshift such as Poniuaena is a challenge for models of super-massive black hole (SMBH) formation. This work presents a study of SMBH formation via known physical processes in star-burst clusters formed at the onset of the formation of their hosting galaxy. While at the early stages hyper-massive star-burst clusters reach the luminosities of quasars, once their massive stars die, the ensuing gas accretion from the still forming host galaxy compresses its stellar black hole (BH) component to a compact state overcoming heating from the BH--BH binaries such that the cluster collapses, forming a massive SMBH-seed within about a hundred Myr. Within this scenario the SMBH--spheroid correlation emerges near-to-exactly. The highest-redshift quasars may thus be hyper-massive star-burst clusters or young ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs), being the precursors of the SMBHs that form therein within about 200 Myr of the first stars. For spheroid masses <10^9.6 Msun a SMBH cannot form and instead only the accumulated nuclear cluster remains. The number evolution of the quasar phases with redshift is calculated and the possible problem of missing quasars at very high redshift is raised. SMBH-bearing UCDs and the formation of spheroids are discussed critically in view of the high redshift observations. A possible tension is found between the high star-formation rates (SFRs) implied by downsizing and the observed SFRs, which may be alleviated within the IGIMF theory and if the downsizing times are somewhat longer.
