论文标题
学习一个分布式控制方案,以在恒温控制载荷中的需求灵活性
Learning a Distributed Control Scheme for Demand Flexibility in Thermostatically Controlled Loads
论文作者
论文摘要
鉴于可再生能源的渗透率不断增长,需求灵活性对于电网越来越重要。仔细协调恒温控制的负载(TCLS)可以潜在地调节能源需求,降低运营成本并提高电网弹性。但是,控制TCL的异质人群是一个挑战:控制问题具有很大的国家行动空间。每个TCL都有独特而复杂的动态。需要同时优化多个系统级目标。为了应对这些挑战,我们提出了一个分布式控制解决方案,该解决方案由一个中央负载聚合器组成,该解决方案优化了系统级目标和建筑级别的控制器,该目标跟踪集合计划计划的负载配置文件。为了优化代理商的政策,我们从增强学习(RL)和模型预测控制中汲取灵感。具体而言,聚合器已通过进化策略进行了更新,该策略最近被证明是更复杂的RL算法的竞争性且可扩展的替代品,并实现了独立于建筑级别控制器的策略更新。我们使用新引入的City Lealn Migulation环境评估了四个九个建筑集群中四个气候区域中提出的方法。与基于基准规则的控制器相比,我们的方法的环境成本平均降低了16.8%。
Demand flexibility is increasingly important for power grids, in light of growing penetration of renewable generation. Careful coordination of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can potentially modulate energy demand, decrease operating costs, and increase grid resiliency. However, it is challenging to control a heterogeneous population of TCLs: the control problem has a large state action space; each TCL has unique and complex dynamics; and multiple system-level objectives need to be optimized simultaneously. To address these challenges, we propose a distributed control solution, which consists of a central load aggregator that optimizes system-level objectives and building-level controllers that track the load profiles planned by the aggregator. To optimize our agents' policies, we draw inspirations from both reinforcement learning (RL) and model predictive control. Specifically, the aggregator is updated with an evolutionary strategy, which was recently demonstrated to be a competitive and scalable alternative to more sophisticated RL algorithms and enables policy updates independent of the building-level controllers. We evaluate our proposed approach across four climate zones in four nine-building clusters, using the newly-introduced CityLearn simulation environment. Our approach achieved an average reduction of 16.8% in the environment cost compared to the benchmark rule-based controller.