论文标题
鉴定私人健康代币估算COVID-19风险
Differentially Private Health Tokens for Estimating COVID-19 Risk
论文作者
论文摘要
在与Covid-19的斗争中,许多政府和企业正在评估,试验甚至实施所谓的免疫护照。也称为抗体或健康证书,对任何可以使人们能够重返工作岗位和其他拥挤的地方而不会使他人处于危险之中的技术有明确的需求。对这种系统的主要批评之一是,它们可能会被滥用以不公平地歧视没有免疫力的人,从而形成了“免疫挑战”的人类类别。在这项工作中,我们有动力探索一种替代技术解决方案,该解决方案是非设计的。特别是我们提出了健康代币 - 随机健康证书,使用差异隐私的方法,可以随机分配单个测试结果,同时仍允许计算有用的总骨架风险估计。我们表明,健康代币可以减轻基于免疫力的歧视,同时仍提出一种可行的机制来估计小组用户构成的集体传输风险。我们在无身份和身份结合用例的背景下评估方法的生存能力,然后考虑许多可能的攻击。我们的实验结果表明,对于500尺寸或以上的组,与我们的方法相关的误差平均可能低至0.03,因此在许多无身份环境中,汇总结果可能很有用。最后,我们介绍了开源原型的结果,该原型证明了解决方案的实用性。
In the fight against Covid-19, many governments and businesses are in the process of evaluating, trialling and even implementing so-called immunity passports. Also known as antibody or health certificates, there is a clear demand for any technology that could allow people to return to work and other crowded places without placing others at risk. One of the major criticisms of such systems is that they could be misused to unfairly discriminate against those without immunity, allowing the formation of an `immuno-privileged' class of people. In this work we are motivated to explore an alternative technical solution that is non-discriminatory by design. In particular we propose health tokens -- randomised health certificates which, using methods from differential privacy, allow individual test results to be randomised whilst still allowing useful aggregate risk estimates to be calculated. We show that health tokens could mitigate immunity-based discrimination whilst still presenting a viable mechanism for estimating the collective transmission risk posed by small groups of users. We evaluate the viability of our approach in the context of identity-free and identity-binding use cases and then consider a number of possible attacks. Our experimental results show that for groups of size 500 or more, the error associated with our method can be as low as 0.03 on average and thus the aggregated results can be useful in a number of identity-free contexts. Finally, we present the results of our open-source prototype which demonstrates the practicality of our solution.