论文标题
响应理论:一种基于轨迹的方法
Response theory: a trajectory-based approach
论文作者
论文摘要
我们收集了针对非平衡系统的有用响应关系的最新结果。该方法基于动态合奏,由对轨迹空间的动作决定。 (反转下的抗)对称性在反应中分开了两个互补的贡献,一个熵是另一个狂热的。在不受干扰的参考过程的时间反转不变性下,响应中仅存在熵项,从而在平衡中给出了标准的波动散失关系。对于非平衡参考组合,狂热项基本上贡献,并负责新现象。我们讨论了Sutherland-Einstein关系中的修改,负差异迁移率的发生和反应的饱和。我们还指出了噪声和摩擦之间的爱因斯坦关系如何违反与非平衡环境相连的探针。我们以讨论量子现象的情况进行了一些讨论,但大部分文本涉及经典的介绍系统。许多简单示例的选择是试图使Notes进行教学,以引入非平衡统计力学研究的重要研究领域。
We collect recent results on deriving useful response relations also for nonequilibrium systems. The approach is based on dynamical ensembles, determined by an action on trajectory space. (Anti)Symmetry under time-reversal separates two complementary contributions in the response, one entropic the other frenetic. Under time-reversal invariance of the unperturbed reference process, only the entropic term is present in the response, giving the standard fluctuation-dissipation relations in equilibrium. For nonequilibrium reference ensembles, the frenetic term contributes essentially and is responsible for new phenomena. We discuss modifications in the Sutherland-Einstein relation, the occurence of negative differential mobilities and the saturation of response. We also indicate how the Einstein relation between noise and friction gets violated for probes coupled to a nonequilibrium environment. We end with some discussion on the situation for quantum phenomena, but the bulk of the text concerns classical mesoscopic (open) systems. The choice of many simple examples is trying to make the notes pedagogical, to introduce an important area of research in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics.