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Recently there has been an ever-increasing trend in the use of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) methods by the materials science, condensed matter physics, and chemistry communities. This perspective article identifies key scientific, technical, and social opportunities that the materials community must prioritize to consistently develop and leverage Scientific AI to provide a credible path towards the advancement of current materials-limited technologies. Here we highlight the intersections of these opportunities with a series of proposed paths forward. The opportunities are roughly sorted from scientific/technical (e.g., development of robust, physically meaningful multiscale material representations) to social (e.g., promoting an AI-ready workforce). The proposed paths forward range from developing new infrastructure and capabilities to deploying them in industry and academia. We provide a brief introduction to AI in materials science and engineering, followed by detailed discussions of each of the opportunities and paths forward.