论文标题
reparo:可公开可验证的层修复区块链
Reparo: Publicly Verifiable Layer to Repair Blockchains
论文作者
论文摘要
尽管区块链的目标是将不变性作为其核心特征,但有几种实例以完美的不变性暴露了危害。插入比特币的非法内容的永久性对Interpol等执法机构构成了挑战,并且在以太坊的越野车智能合约中损失了数百万美元。然后,一系列研究在可分离的区块链上产生,目的是解决从许可和无许可区块链中编辑非法内容的问题。但是,所有现有的建议都遵循修复的构建新链方法,并且不能与比特币和以太坊等现有系统集成。 我们提出了Reparo,这是一种通用协议,在任何区块链上都可以作为一个可公开可验证的层进行维修,从修复货物合同到从链条中删除非法内容。 Reparo促进了区块链的其他功能,同时保持相同的可证明的安全保证;因此,可以将Reparo与现有区块链集成在一起,并开始对先前数据进行维修。任何系统用户都可以提出维修,并进行审议过程,从而导致符合链条维修政策的决定,并且可以公开验证。 我们的reparo层可以轻松地根据不同的共识要求量身定制,不需要重型加密机制,因此可以在任何许可和无人机设置中有效实例化。我们通过在以太坊(带有POS和POW),比特币和Cardano的基础上提供有效的Reparo实例化来证明这一点。此外,我们使用以太坊主网评估Reparo,并表明修复几个突出的智能合同错误的成本几乎可以忽略不计。例如,用reparo修复奇特的多西格钱包错误的成本高达可在修复后可以检索到的ethers的0.000000018%。
Although blockchains aim for immutability as their core feature, several instances have exposed the harms with perfect immutability. The permanence of illicit content inserted in Bitcoin poses a challenge to law enforcement agencies like Interpol, and millions of dollars are lost in buggy smart contracts in Ethereum. A line of research then spawned on Redactable blockchains with the aim of solving the problem of redacting illicit contents from both permissioned and permissionless blockchains. However, all the existing proposals follow the build-new-chain approach for redactions, and cannot be integrated with existing systems like Bitcoin and Ethereum. We present Reparo, a generic protocol that acts as a publicly verifiable layer on top of any blockchain to perform repairs, ranging from fixing buggy contracts to removing illicit contents from the chain. Reparo facilitates additional functionalities for blockchains while maintaining the same provable security guarantee; thus, Reparo can be integrated with existing blockchains and start performing repairs on the pre-existent data. Any system user may propose a repair and a deliberation process ensues resulting in a decision that complies with the repair policy of the chain and is publicly verifiable. Our Reparo layer can be easily tailored to different consensus requirements, does not require heavy cryptographic machinery and can, therefore, be efficiently instantiated in any permission-ed or -less setting. We demonstrate it by giving efficient instantiations of Reparo on top of Ethereum (with PoS and PoW), Bitcoin, and Cardano. Moreover, we evaluate Reparo with Ethereum mainnet and show that the cost of fixing several prominent smart contract bugs is almost negligible. For instance, the cost of repairing the prominent Parity Multisig wallet bug with Reparo is as low as 0.000000018% of the Ethers that can be retrieved after the fix.