ISO/TR TECHNICAL REPORT 21275 First edition 2017-02 Rubber Comprehensive review of the composition and nature of process fumes in the rubber industry Caoutchouc - Examen exhaustif de la composition et de la nature des fumées de process dans I'industrie du caoutchouc Reference number ISO/TR 21275:2017(E) International Organization for Standardization @ IS0 2017 see=ZHEJIANG INST OF STANDARDIZATION C1 5956617 mitted without license from IHS IS0/TR 21275:2017(E) COPYRIGHTPROTECTEDDOCUMENT IS0 2017, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 . CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 [email protected] www.iso.org Licensee-ZHEJIANG INST OF STANDARDIZAISQ 017 - All rights reserVed Not for Resale, 2017/5/11 02:21:39 networking permited without license from IHS IS0/TR 21275:2017(E) Contents Page Foreword ..V Introduction. ..vi 1 Scope. 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions ..1 4 Overview of the rubber industry ..8 4.1 General .8 4.2 Rubber component production processes 4.3 Generic rubber types. .11 4.4 Rubber chemicals and additives ..12 4.5 Mechanistic chemistryof rubbervulcanization ..13 4.5.1 Generality. ..13 4.5.2 Sulfur-accelerated cure systems. ..13 4.5.3 Peroxide-based cure systems... ..14 4.5.4 Metal oxides ..14 4.5.5 Other vulcanizing systems .14 4.6 Effect of elevated temperature on rubbery polymers and rubber additives ..15 5 Definition of rubber fumes ..15 6 Nature and composition of rubber fumes. .16 6.1 General ..16 6.2 Key components of rubber fumes and their origin ..16 6.3 Trapping and analysis of rubber fumes.. ..17 6.3.1 General. ..17 6.3.2 Characterization studies carried out in factory environments ..17 6.3.3 Characterization studies carried out under laboratory conditions 6.4 Changes in rubber technology that have influenced the nature and composition of rubber fumes and improved the protection of workers in the industry ..19 6.4.1 General. ..19 6.4.2 Overall trend in rubber workers' exposure to total rubber fumes ..19 6.4.3 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons. ..19 6.4.4 Nitrosamines .19 6.4.5 Silane coupling agents and resorcinol steel cord coating agent ..19 7 Factors affecting the variability of rubber fumes .19 7.1 General 19 7.2 Influence of the rubber compound formulation on the composition of rubber fumes 20 7.3 Influence of different manufacturing processes on rubber fumes 20 7.4 Influence of different processing temperatures on the composition of rubber fumes .. .21 8 Review of literature on the composition and nature of rubber process fumes .22 8.1 Comprehensive literature search. 22 8.1.1 General 22 8.1.2 Rubber fumes data obtained from factory atmospheres 22 8.1.3 Rubber fumes data obtained by laboratory studies. .32 8.1.4 Research on sampling and analysis techniques for rubber fumes. ..36 8.1.5 Influence of rubber additives on the composition of rubber fumes ..38 8.1.6 Work carried out at Rapra Technology Ltd. .40 8.2 Other sources of information. .41 8.2.1 General. ..41 8.2.2 Search strategy for external databases. .42 8.2.3 Chemical abstracts results. 8.2.4 General POLLUAB and NTSI database results ..43 ii Censee=ZHEJIANG INST OF STANDARDIZATION C1 5956617 No reproduction or networking pe ted without license from IHS IS0/TR 21275:2017(E) 8.2.5 Search of industry-relevant publications, government publications and relevantwebsites .43 Summary of the finding of the literature review. .44 9 10 Conclusions .45 Annex A (informative) Abbreviated terms .47 Bibliography 49 Licensee-ZHEJIANG INST OF STANDARDIZOIS $S7 - All rights reserved vided by IHS