ISO/TR TECHNICAL REPORT 15916 Second edition 2015-12-15 Basic considerations for the safety of hydrogen systems Considerations fondamentales pour la sécurite des systemes a I'hydrogene Reference number IS0/TR 15916:2015(E) ISO International Organization for Standardization e=ZHEJIANG INST OF STANDARDIZATION C1 5956617 @IS02015 mitted without license from IHS IS0/TR 15916:2015(E) COPYRIGHTPROTECTEDDOCUMENT IS0 2015, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 . CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 [email protected] www.iso.org Licensee-ZHEJIANG INST OF STANDARDIZAISQ 0d5 - All rights reserved Not for Resale, 2016/3/29 05:15:24 networking permited without license from IHS IS0/TR 15916:2015(E) Contents Page Foreword ..vi Introduction. ..vii 1 Scope. 2 Normative references .... 3 Terms and definitions 4 Overview of hydrogen applications ..13 4.1 Basic hydrogen infrastructure .13 4.1.1 Categories of infrastructure ..13 4.1.2 Production. .13 4.1.3 Storage and transport. ..13 4.1.4 Hydrogen use applications ..14 4.2 Typical hydrogen system components. .15 4.2.1 General. ..15 4.2.2 Storage vessels. .. 15 4.2.3 Fluid delivery lines, piping, joints, and seals .15 4.2.4 Flow controls .15 4.2.5 Pressure-relief systems .16 4.2.6 Detection components ..16 4.2.7 Other components. ..16 4.2.8 Considerations for conditions external to the system ..16 4.3 Hydrogen fuel. .16 4.4 Environmental effects .17 5 Basic properties of hydrogen ..17 5.1 General properties. .. 17 5.1.1 Atomic and molecular properties ..17 5.1.2 Appearance and general characteristics ..18 5.2 Selected thermophysical properties. ..18 5.2.1 General. .18 5.2.2 Selected thermophysical properties of gaseous hydrogen ..18 5.2.3 Selected thermophysical properties of cryogenic liquid hydrogen .18 5.3 Basic combustion properties.. ..19 5.3.1 General remark on safety characteristics. ..19 5.3.2 Selected combustion properties of hydrogen 19 5.3.3 Explosions. .20 5.3.4 Deflagration. 20 5.3.5 Detonation .21 5.3.6 Flammability limits. 21 5.3.7 Ignition energy and minimum ignition energy as applied to deflagration .22 6 Safety considerations for the use of gaseous and liquid hydrogen .23 6.1 General 23 6.2 Hazards involved as a consequence of the properties of hydrogen 24 6.2.1 General. 24 6.2.2 Gaseous hydrogen. 24 6.2.3 Liquid hydrogen . 24 6.3 Factors involved in combustion hazards 25 6.3.1 Aspects of combustion .25 6.3.2 Non-premixed combustion processes 25 6.3.3 Explosions. .26 6.4 Factors involved in pressure hazards. .26 6.4.1 General 26 6.4.2 Gaseous storage .27 6.4.3 Liquid hydrogen .27 ii icensee=ZHEJIANG INST OF STANDARDIZATION C1 5956617 ted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 2016/3/29 05:15:24 No reproduction or networking permi IS0/TR 15916:2015(E) 6.5 Factors involved in low temperature hazards 27 6.6 Factors involved in hydrogen embrittlement hazards .27 6.6.1 Hydrogen embrittlement. 27 6.6.2 Hydrogen attack 28 6.7 Health hazards 28 6.7.1 Cold burns. 28 6.7.2 High temperature burns 28 6.7.3 Asphyxiation. 28 6.8 Team approach and education/training needed for the safe use of hydrogen 28 Mitigation and control of hazards and risks 28 7.1 General mitigation and control of hazards and risk 28 7.1.1 General. 28 7.1.2 Lessons learned from past experience 29 7.1.3 Addressing hazards. 30 7.1.4 Minimizing the severity of the consequences of hazards 30 7.2 Mitigation of design hazards and risks. 31 7.2.1 Inherently safer design.. 31 7.2.2 Considerations in the selection of suitable construction material 31 7.2.3 Considera