INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC STANDARD 9075-9 Fifth edition 2023-06 Information technology - Database languages SQL - Part 9: Management of External Data (SQL/ MED) Technologies de I'information - Langages de base de donnees SQL Partie 9: Gestion des données externes (SQL/MED) Reference number IEC IS0/IEC 9075-9:2023(E) OS1 @ IS0/IEC 2023 IS0/IEC 9075-9:2023(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT @IS0/IEC2023 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on or ISo's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office CP 401 · Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva Phone: +41 22 749 01 11 Email: [email protected] Website: www.iso.org Published in Switzerland i @ IS0/IEC 2023 - All rights reserved IS0/IEC 9075-9:20@(E) Contents Page Foreword. . xii Introduction. XV 1 Scope.. 2 Normative references. 3 Terms and definitions. 4 Concepts. 4.1 Notations and conventions. 4.1.1 Notations. 4.2 Data types. 4.2.1 Naming of predefined types. 4.2.2 Data type terminology. 4.3 Columns, fields, and attributes. 4.4 Tables. 4.4.1 Introduction to tables. 4.4.2 Base tables. 4.4.2.1 Foreign tables 4.4.3 Unique identification of tables. 4.4.4 Table descriptors. 4.4.5 Syntactic analysis of derived tables and cursors. 4.5 Functional dependencies. 4.5.1 Known functional dependencies in a foreign table. 4.6 SQL-schemas. 4.7 SQL-statements. 4.7.1 SQL-statements classified by function. 4.7.1.1 SQL-schemastatements. 4.7.1.2 SQL-session statements. 4.8 Basic security model. 4.8.1 Privileges. 4.9 SQL-transactions. 4.9.1 Properties of SQL-transactions. 4.10 SQL-sessions.. 9 4.10.1 SQL-session properties. 9 4.11 Introduction to SQL/CLI. . . ..10 4.12 Foreign servers. 4.13 Foreign-data wrappers. 4.14 User mappings. 4.15 Routine mappings. . 4.16 Generic options. . 13 @ IS0/IEC 2023 - All rights reserved ili IS0/IEC 9075-9:2023(E) 4.17 Capabilities and options information. 13 4.18 Datalinks. .. 14 4.18.1 Introduction to datalinks. .. . 14 4.18.2 Operations involving datalinks. ... 17 4.18.2.1 Operators that operate on datalinks. . . . 4.18.2.2 Other operators involving datalinks. . . 4.19 Foreign-data wrapper interface. . . 4.19.1 Introduction to foreign-data wrapper interface. 4.19.2 Handles... .18 4.19.3 Foreign server sessions. . 4.19.4 Foreign-data wrapper interface routines. 4.19.4.1 Introduction to foreign-data wrapper interface routines. ..20 4.19.4.2 Handle routines.. ..20 4.19.4.3 Initialization routines. . .24 4.19.4.4 Access routines. .24 4.19.4.5 Termination routines. 25 4.19.4.6 Decomposition and pass-through modes. 26 4.19.4.7 Sequence of actions during the execution of foreign server requests. .26 4.19.5 Return codes.... .38 4.19.6 Foreign-data wrapper diagnostics areas. . .38 4.19.7 Null pointers. .. 40 4.19.8 Foreign-data wrapper descriptor areas. . 40 5 Lexical elements..... . .44 5.1 <token> and <separator>. . 5.2 Names and identifiers. . . . . 6 Scalar expressions. . 6.1 <data type>. ..48 6.2 <cast specification>. .51 6.3 <value expression>. .52 6.4 <string value function>. .53 6.5 <datalink value expression>. .57 6.6 <datalink value function>. . .58 7 Query expressions. . .61 7.1 <table reference>. .61 8 Additional common rules.. . 8.1 Retrieval assignment. . 8.2 Store assignment. .. . 8.3 Result of data type combinations. 8.4 Type precedence list determination. 8.5 Determination of identical values. . 8.6 Equality operations. . .73 8.7 Grouping operations. . 74 8.8 Multiset element grouping operations. . 75 8.9 Ordering operations. . 76 9 Additional common elements. . . .77 9.1 <generic options>. . . : 77 iv @ IS0/IEC 2023 - All rights reserved IS0/IEC 9075-9:2023(E) 9.2 <alter generic options>. 78 10 Schema definition and manipulation. .80 10.1 <schemadefinition>.. 10.2 <drop schema statement>. ....81 10.3 <table defini