INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC STANDARD 9075-1 Sixth edition 2023-06 Information technology Database languages SQL - Part 1: Framework (SQL/Framework) Technologies de I'information - Langages de base de données - TOS Partie 1: Charpente (SQL/Charpente) Reference number IEC IS0/IEC 9075-1:2023(E) OS1 @ IS0/IEC 2023 IS0/IEC 9075-1:2023(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT @IS0/IEC2023 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on or ISo's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office CP 401 · Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva Phone: +41 22 749 01 11 Email: [email protected] Website: www.iso.org Published in Switzerland i @ IS0/IEC 2023 - All rights reserved IS0/IEC 9075-1:20@(E) Contents Page Foreword. Introduction. . xii 1 Scope.. 2 Normative references. . 3 Terms and definitions. . 3.1 Definitions taken from IS0/IEC 10646:2020. 3.2 Definitions provided in this document. . 4 Concepts. 4.1 What is SQL?... 4.2 Use of terms. 4.3 Caveat... 4.4 SQL-environments and their components. 4.4.1 SQL-environments. 4.4.2 SQL-agents. 4.4.3 SQL-implementations 4.4.3.1 Introduction to SQL-implementations. 4.4.3.2 SQL-clients. 4.4.3.3 SQL-servers 4.4.4 SQL-client modules. 4.4.5 User identifiers. 4.4.6 Roles. 4.4.7 User mapping concepts. 4.4.8 Routine mapping concepts. 4.4.9 Catalogs and schemas. 4.4.9.1 Catalogs 4.4.9.2 SQL-schemas 4.4.9.3 Information Schema. 4.4.9.4 Definition Schema. 4.4.10 Foreign servers and descriptors. 4.4.11 Foreign-data wrappers and descriptors. 4.4.12 SQL-data. 4.5 Tables.. 4.6 SQLdatatypes. 4.6.1 General data type information. 4.6.2 Null value.. 4.6.3 Predefined types. . 4.6.3.1 Numeric types. ..11 4.6.3.2 Character string types. . . 12 @ IS0/IEC 2023 - All rights reserved ili IS0/IEC 9075-1:2023(E) 4.6.3.3 Binary string types. 12 4.6.3.4 Boolean type. 12 4.6.3.5 Datetime types.... 12 4.6.3.6 Interval types. . 12 4.6.3.7 XML type.... 4.6.3.8 JSON type. . . . 4.6.4 Constructed atomic types: reference types. 4.6.5 Constructed composite types. 4.6.5.1 Collection types. .. 4.6.5.2 Row types... 4.7 Sites and operations on sites. 4.7.1 Sites. 4.7.2 Assignment. 4.7.3 Nullability. 14 4.8 SQL-schema objects. 14 4.8.1 General SQL-schema object information. 14 4.8.2 Descriptors relating to character sets. 4.8.2.1 Character sets. . 4.8.2.2 Collations.. 15 4.8.2.3 Transliterations.. 4.8.3 Domains and their components. 15 4.8.3.1 Domains.. 15 4.8.3.2 Domain constraints. 15 4.8.4 User-defined types. . 15 4.8.4.1 Introduction to user-defined types. 15 4.8.4.2 Distinct types... 4.8.4.3 Structured types. . 4.8.5 Base tables and their components. . 4.8.5.1 Base tables. ...16 4.8.5.2 Columns.. 4.8.5.3 Periods. 4.8.5.4 Table constraints. 4.8.5.5 Triggers.. 4.8.6 View definitions. . ..17 4.8.7 Assertions.. .17 4.8.8 SQL-server modules (defined in ISO/IEC 9075-4). 4.8.9 Schema routines... 17 4.8.10 Sequence generators...... . 17 4.8.11 Privileges..... 17 4.9 Integrity constraints and constraint checking. .. .. ... . .18 4.9.1 Constraint checking...... 18 4.9.2 Determinism and constraints... 18 4.9.3 Consistency when deleting and updating multiple rows. . . 19 4.10 Communication between an SQL-agent and an SQL-server. . . . . . . . . 19 4.10.1 Host languages........... 19 4.10.2 Source language character set. . . . . . . 4.10.3 Parameter passing and data type correspondences. . . . iv @ IS0/IEC 2023 - All rights reserved IS0/IEC 9075-1:2023(E) 4.10.3.1 General parameter passing and data type correspondence information. .20 4.10.3.2 Data type correspondences. .20 4.10.3.3 Locators. .21 4.10.3.4 Status parameters. .21 4.10.3.5 Indicator parameters. 4.10.4 Descriptor areas... . 4.10.5 Diagnostic information. 4.10.6 SQL-transactions. . . 4.11 Modules.. 4.12 Routines. 4.12.1 General routine information. 4.12.2 Type pr