ISO/IEC INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 18026 Second edition 2009-07-15 Information technologySpatial Reference Model (SRM) Technologies de I'information Modele de reference spatial (SRM) Reference number ISO/IEC 18026:2009(E) IEC @ISO/IEC2009 ISO/IEC 18026:2009(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by IsO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below COPYRIGHTPROTECTEDDOCUMENT ? ISO/IEC2009 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means isO's memberbody in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 . CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 4122 749 09 47 E-mail [email protected] Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii @ISO/IEC2009-Allrightsreserved ISO/IEC 18026:2009(E) Contents Page Foreword. XIx 0 Introduction. 0.1 Purpose XXI 0.2 Design criteria. 1 Scope. 2 Normative references.. 3 Terms, definitions, symbols, and abbreviated terms 3.1 3.2 Notation, symbols and abbreviated terms... 4 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Spatial objects and object-space 4.3 Position-space and normal embeddings 4.4 4.5 Object reference models... 4.6 Coordinate systems .. 4.6.1 Abstract coordinate systems. 4.6.2 Temporalcoordinatesystems. 4.6.3 Spatialcoordinatesystems. 4.7 Spatial reference frames .. 4.8 Designated spatial surfaces and vertical offsets.... 23 4.9 Spatial referenceframe operations..... 4.10 Application program interface .... 4.11 SRM units.. 4.12 Profiles ... 4.13 Registration... 5 Abstract coordinate systems 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Preliminaries 5.3 Abstract CS.. 5.4 Cs types.... 29 5.5 Coordinate surfaces, induced surface CSs, and coordinate curves 5.5.1 Introduction.... 5.5.2 Coordinate-component surfaces and induced surface CSs 30 5.5.3 Coordinate-component curves.... 5.6 CS properties ... 5.6.1 Linearity .. 5.6.2 Orthogonality ... 5.6.3 Linear Cs properties: Cartesian, and orthonormal .. 5.6.4 cs right-handedness and coordinate-component ordering ... 5.7 Cs localization ... 5.8 Map projection coordinate systems ... 35 5.8.1 Map projections... 35 5.8.2 Map projection as a surface cs 5.8.3 Map projection geometry..... 5.8.4 Relationship to projection functions 5.8.5 Map projection CS common parameters 43 5.8.6 Augmentedmapprojections. ISO/IEC 2009-All rights reserved ili ISO/IEC 18026:2009(E) 5.9 CS specifications.... 45 5.9.1 Specification table elements and common functions and parameters 45 5.9.2 Euclidean 3D CS specification .. 49 5.9.3 LococentricEuclidean3DCSspecification. 50 5.9.4 Spherical c specification..... 51 5.9.5 Lococentric spherical cS specification... 53 5.9.6 Azimuthal spherical cS specification 54 5.9.7 Lococentric azimuthal spherical cS specification....... .56 5.9.8 Geodetic 3D CS specification... 57 5.9.9 Planetodetic 3D specification ... 60 5.9.10 Cylindrical cS specification . .62 5.9.11 LococentriccylindricalCSspecification 63 5.9.12 MercatorCSspecification 64 5.9.13 Oblique Mercator spherical CS specification 67 5.9.14 Transverse Mercator Cs specification .. 70 5.9.15 LambertconformalconicCSspecification 74 5.9.16 Polar stereographic CS specification 5.9.17 EquidistantcylindricalCSspecification 80 5.9.18 Surface geodetic CSspecification.. 82 5.9.19 Surface planetodetic cS specification. 84 5.9.20 Lococentric surface Euclidean CS specification 8