ISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 25964-1 First edition 2011-08-15 Information and documentation : Thesauri and interoperability with other vocabularies : Part 1: Thesauri for information retrieval Information et documentation Thésaurus et interopérabilite avec d'autresvocabulaires- Partie 1: Thésaurus pour la recherche documentaire Reference number ISO 25964-1:2011(E) ISO @ISO2011 ISO 25964-1:2011(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT @ISO2011 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, ISO's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 : CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail [email protected] Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ISO2011-All riahts reserved ISO25964-1:2011(E) Contents Page Foreword... Introduction 1 2 Terms and definitions ... 3 4 Thesaurus overview and objectives..... 15 4.1 Overall objective .. 15 4.2 Vocabulary control and its purpose ... 16 4.3 Paradigmatic versus syntagmatic relationships.... .16 4.4 Types of paradigmatic relationship...... .17 5 Concepts and their scope in a thesaurus .... 18 5.1 Conceptual basis... .18 5.2 Scope notes .... 20 5.3 Reciprocal scope notes .. 6 Thesaurus terms 21 6.1 Formof terms.. 21 6.2 Clarification and disambiguation of thesaurus terms ... 21 6.3 Grammatical form of term......... 23 6.4 Capitalization, punctuation and special characters ..... 26 6.5 Singular or plural forms... 27 6.6 Selection of the preferred form....... 30 7 Complex concepts.. 37 7.1 37 7.2 The nature of compound terms 7.3 Deciding whether or not to admit a complex concept.... 39 7.4 How to split a complex concept.... 43 7.5 7.6 Consistency in the treatment of complex concepts ... .44 7.7 Order of words in multi-word terms ... 44 8 The equivalence relationship, in a monolingual context ... 44 8.1 General. .44 8.2 Synonyms.... 45 8.3 Quasi-synonyms... .48 8.4 Specific terms subsumed in a broader concept . 48 8.5 Representation of complex concepts by a combination of terms . 49 9 Equivalence across languages.... 50 9.1 General. .50 9.2 Degreesofequivalence. 51 9.3 Typical problems and solutions ... 52 9.4 Representation of cross-language equivalence between preferred terms.. 9.5 Cross-language equivalence between non-preferred terms... .57 10 Relationships between concepts. 57 10.1 Introduction.. 57 10.2 The hierarchical relationship .58 10.3 The associative relationship .63 10.4 Customized relationships. 67 "ahts reserved ili ISO 25964-1:2011(E) 11 Facet analysis .68 12 Presentation and layout. .70 12.1 General..... ....70 12.2 Alternative display styles.. 12.3 Presentation and iayout of multilingual thesauri. ..80 12.4 Language and character encoding issues ...... 13 Managing thesaurus construction and maintenance .88 13.1 Planning a thesaurus .. ..88 13.2 Early stages of compilation .... .90 13.3 ...91 13.4 Introduction to the thesaurus ... 13.5 Dissemination ..93 13.6 Updating ... .95 14 Guidelines for thesaurus management software ... ..98 14.1 General... ...98 14.2 Size and character limitations. ..98 14.3 Relationships between terms and between concepts .99 14.4 Notes applying to terms or concepts .... 100 14.5 Codes and notation .... 14.6 Node labels.. .100 14.7 Status of languages.. ..100 14.8 Data import/export...... .101 14.9 Editorial navigation and support.. 14.10 Editorial safeguards ..102 14.11 Housekeeping tools.. 103 15 Data model. .103 15.1 15.2 Notes on the model .105 15.3 Tabular presentation . .109 16 Integration of thesauri with applications 16.1 Introduction.. 115 16.2 Interoperability needs for thesauri.... 16.3 Integration with indexing and searching applications. .116 17 Exchange formats .118 18 Protocols. .119 18.1 General... .119 18.2 Purposes and use cases. ..119 18.3 Application environment and architecture .. 18.4 Thesaurus-specific protocols.... ..120 18.5 General-purpose web database protocols used with thesauri.. 120 A