ISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 24617-1 First edition 2012-01-15 Language resource management Semantic annotation framework (SemAF)一 Part 1: Time and events (SemAF-Time, ISO-TimeML) Gestion des ressources langagieres Cadre d'annotation sémantique (SemAF) - Partie 1: Temps et événements (SemAF-Time, /SO-TimeML) Reference number ISO 24617-1:2012(E) @ ISO 2012 y IHS under I without license from IHS Not for Resale ISO 24617-1:2012(E) COPYRIGHTPROTECTEDDOCUMENT @ISO2012 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either isO at the address below or IsO's memberbody in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56. CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail [email protected] Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland @ IsO 2012-All rights reserved py IHS unde nited without license from IHS Not for Resale ISO 24617-1:2012(E) Contents Page Foreword .vi Introduction. .vii 1 Scope 2 Normative references.. 3 Terms and definitions .. 4 Overview..... 5 Motivation and requirements . 6 Basic concepts and metamodel... 7 Specification of ISO-TimeML .8 7.1 Overview.. 7.2 Abstract syntax. 7.2.1 Introduction..... .8 7.2.2 Conceptual inventory. 7.2.3 Syntax rules .... .9 7.3 Concrete XML-based syntax ..... 10 7.3.1 TimeML vs. ISO-TimeML: Stand-off annotation and other differences 7.3.2 Naming conventions .. 12 7.3.3 Example annotations .. 12 7.3.4 Basic elements: <EVENT>, <TIMEX3>, and <SIGNAL> 12 7.3.5 Link elements: <TLINK>, <SLINK>, <ALINK> and <MLINK>, ..18 7.3.6 Other tags: <CONFIDENCE>, <CERTAINTY> and <ISO-TimeML> 22 8 Towards a semantics for ISO-TimeML 26 8.1 .26 8.2 Tense and aspect in language ....... 8.2.1 Tense... .26 8.2.2 Aspect... 26 8.3 8.4 An interval-based semantics for ISO-TimeML 28 8.4.1 Technical preliminaries for interval temporal logic .... 28 8.4.2 Basic eventstructure.... 29 8.4.3 Theinterpretationof<TIMEX3> 8.4.4 Interpretive rulesummary... 36 8.5 An event-based semantics for ISO-TimeML 37 8.5.1 .37 8.5.2 Defining an event-based semantics .... 38 Annex A (normative) Core annotation guideiines .... A.1 Introduction... 41 A.2 ISO-TimeML elements and their attributes . 41 A.2.1 The <EVENT> element .... A.2.2 The <TIMEX3> element . 48 A.2.3 The <SIGNAL> element. 55 A.3 Thelinkelements:<TLINK>,<SLINK>,<ALINK>and<MLINK> .56 A.3.1 Overview..... A.3.2 The <TLINK> element.. ..56 A.3.3 The <SLINK> element.. 59 A.3.4 The <ALINK> element . A.3.5 The <MLINK> element.. ..62 Copyrght International OrganizationforStandardizalonghts reserved ili Not for Resale ISO 24617-1:2012(E) B.1 Complex TIMEX3 examples ... ..63 B.2 Complex TLINK and SLINK examples .... .64 B.3 Annex C (informative) Event and temporal annotations for Chinese .... Annex D (informative) Annotation for Italian fragment.. D.1 D.2 Basic references .. .74 D.3 ISO-TimeML elements and their attributes . .74 D.3.1 D.3.2 Event identification and tag span ... ..75 D.3.3 What NOT to tag.... .78 D.3.4 Introductory note ...... D.4 The <SIGNAL> element D.5 The link tags........ ..82 D.6 Informative: Examples of tense, aspect and mood annotation in Italian.. .82 D.7 Sample of Italian annotation...... Annex E (informative) Temporal annotation of predicates in Korean ..89 E.1 Introduction.. ..89 E.2 Basic references ... .89 E.3 MorpholoyofKoreanpredicates .89 E.4 Temporal structure: informative ... E.5 Temporal annotation of non-Latin texts . ..92 E.6 Tense... ..93 E.6.1 Tense markers. E.6.2 Annotation guidelines for the attribute @tense .... E.6.3 Contextual interpretation of tense .... .96 E.7 Aspect.... 114 E.7.1 114 E.7.2 Annotationofaspectmarkers. E.7.3 Interpretation of aspectual features.... 116 E.7.4 Interpretation conditions of aspect.... 118 E.8 Modality ..118 E.8.1 Conjectural modal markers .118 E.8.2 Annotation of modality CONJECTURAL 119 E.8.3 I