ISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 18400-104 First edition 2018-10 Soil quality Sampling - Part 104: Strategies Qualite du sol Echantillonnage - Partie 104: Strategies Reference number IS0 18400-104:2018(E) ISO @IS02018 IS0 18400-104:2018(E) COPYRIGHTPROTECTEDDOCUMENT @ IS0 2018 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either IsO at the address below or Iso's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office CP 401 : Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva Phone: +4122 749 0111 Fax: +41 22 749 09 47 Email: [email protected] Website: www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii @ IS0 2018 - All rights reserved IS0 18400-104:2018(E) Contents Page Foreword ..V Introduction. ...vi 1 Scope. 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions Overall investigation strategy .5 4 4.1 General .5 4.2 Zoning. 4.3 Types of investigation. .7 4.3.1 General. 4.3.2 Preliminary investigation .10 4.3.3 Exploratory investigation. .11 4.3.4 Detailed investigation. ..11 4.3.5 Supplementary investigations ..11 4.4 Conceptual site model. .12 4.5 Preliminary risk assessment. .12 5 Sampling strategies - General aspects .13 5.1 Sampling objectives . .13 5.2 Scope of the sampling strategy .13 5.3 Designing the sampling strategy ..14 5.4 Principal sampling situations. ..15 5.5 Representative and sufficiently representative samples ..16 5.6 Characteristics of the spatial distribution .17 5.7 Statistical aspects.. .18 5.8 Uncertainty of measurements caused by sampling and analysis ..18 5.9 Safety and environmental protection. .19 5.10 Barriers to sampling.. .19 5.11 Timing of investigations 19 6 Sampling strategies - Key aspects and concepts .20 6.1 Statistics and geostatistics. 20 6.1.1 General. 20 6.1.2 Statistics. 20 6.1.3 Geostatistics 20 6.2 Approaches to sampling 22 6.2.1 General. 22 6.2.2 Judgemental sampling .22 6.2.3 Systematic sampling. 23 6.2.4 Convenience sampling 23 6.3 Average properties 24 6.4 Types of samples. 24 6.4.1 General. 24 6.4.2 Disturbed and undisturbed samples 24 6.4.3 Spot (single) samples. .25 6.4.4 Cluster samples. 25 6.4.5 Spatial (composite) samples 25 6.4.6 Selective samples. 27 6.5 Number of samples. .27 6.5.1 General 27 6.5.2 Number of samples at discrete sampling points 28 6.5.3 Number of cluster samples. 28 6.5.4 Number of composite samples 28 6.6 Sample sizes .29 @ IS0 2018 - All rights reserved iii IS0 18400-104:2018(E) 6.6.1 General. 29 6.6.2 Practical considerations 30 Deciding how many samples to take. 32 7.1 General 32 7.2 Basic situations. 33 7.3 Determining average concentrations 33 7.3.1 General. 33 7.3.2 Using spatial composite samples. 34 7.3.3 Using spot samples 35 7.3.4 Determining relation to threshold limit 35 7.4 Finding (hot spots and) areas of interest of a specified minimum size 35 7.5 Sampling for particular purposes. 36 7.5.1 Determination of background values 36 7.5.2 Waste classification 36 7.5.3 Supplementary investigations for remediation .36 7.5.4 Validation of remediation and other works. .37 8 Sampling strategies for in-ground sampling. .38 8.1 Approach to sampling. .38 8.2 Sampling patterns. 38 8.2.1 General 38 8.2.2 Potentially contaminated sites 39 8.2.3 Hot spot detection, site investigation design and sampling 40 8.3 Types of samples 41 8.4 Sampling depths 42 8.4.1 General. 42 8.4.2 Potentially contaminated sites. 42 8.4.3 Sampling in relation to the groundwater profile and aquifer 43 8.5 Size of samples 44 8.6 Number of samples 45 8.6.1 General. 45 8.6.2 Number of samples at individual sampling points. 45 8.6.3 Number of composite samples 45 9 Sampling of above-ground deposits 46 9.1 General. 46 9.2 Sampling patterns 46 9.3 Types of sample. 46 9.3.1 General. 46 9.3.2 Conven